Learning, reasoning, observation and perception
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BUY PDFChapter outline :
Learning
> Nature , types , and laws of learning
> Factors affecting learning , memory and forgeting
Thinking and Reasoning
> Nature and types of Thinking
> Reasoning , Problem solving
> Importance of creative thinking of nurse
Observation and Perception
> Attention perception laws of perception
> Factors affecting attention and perception
> Errors in perception
Q1. Definition of Learning ?
Ans : According to Hilgard and Bower
“Learning is the process by which an activity originates or is changed through reacting to an encountered situation.”
According to Gates:
“Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience.”
Q2.Explain brifly the factors that influence learning 8 marks
Ans: Learning is affected by many factors which can improve or reduce a learner’s ability to understand and remember things. These factors are:
1. Physical factors: Good health, proper nutrition, and enough sleep help a learner concentrate better and learn effectively.
2. Mental factors: Intelligence, memory power, and thinking ability play an important role in learning.
3. Motivation: A motivated learner shows interest and works harder. Rewards, goals, and encouragement increase motivation.
4. Attention and interest:When a student is interested and attentive, learning becomes easier and faster.
5. Emotional factors: Positive emotions like happiness support learning, while fear, stress, or anxiety can disturb learning.
6. Environment:A peaceful, clean, and well-equipped environment helps better learning. Noise and disturbance reduce concentration.
7. Teaching methods:Good teaching methods, use of examples, and proper explanation make learning simple and effective.
8. Practice and repetition:Regular practice helps to remember and understand the topic for a long time.
Q3. Described the trial and error methods of learning
Ans : The trial and error method is a type of learning in which an individual learns by trying different ways until the correct solution is found. If one attempt fails, another method is tried repeatedly until success is achieved.
This method was explained by E. L. Thorndike, who conducted experiments on animals.
In his experiment, a cat was placed in a puzzle box. At first, the cat made many random movements (trials) like scratching, jumping, and pushing. Most of them failed (errors). Finally, by chance, the cat pressed the lever and escaped. After repeating the experiment, the cat learned the correct action quickly.
Characteristics of Trial and Error Method:
* Learning takes place through repeated attempts.
* Errors are made at the beginning.
* Success comes gradually.
* Incorrect responses are reduced over time.
Trial and error learning shows that learning happens through experience, practice, and repeated efforts until the correct response is found.
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