Unit 3
Blood
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BUY PDFQ. Describe the composition and formation of blood.
Answer :
Composition of Blood
1. Plasma
Blood is composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).Plasma is the liquid part of blood that transports blood cells, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, antibodies and waste products.
Constituents of Plasma:
Water – 91.5%
Plasma proteins – 7%
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Other solutes – 1.5%
Electrolytes, gases, nutrients, hormones, enzymes and waste products
2.Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Contain haemoglobin, biconcave, no nucleus, lifespan 120 days, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
3.White Blood Cells (WBCs): Provide immunity; include granulocytes and agranulocytes.
4.Platelets: Help in blood clotting and formation of platelet plug.Formation of Blood (Hematopoiesis)Blood cells are formed in the bone marrow from stem cells.
Q. Explain the functions of blood.
Answer :
Functions of Blood:
1. Blood transports oxygen to body cells and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
It helps in the exchange of respiratory gases.
2. Blood carries nutrients from digested food to all body cells.
These nutrients provide energy and help in growth.
3. Blood carries hormones from glands to target organs.
Hormones control different activities of the body.
4. Blood removes waste products from body cells.
It carries wastes to organs like kidneys and lungs for removal.
5. Blood helps regulate body temperature.
It distributes heat evenly throughout the body.
6. Blood provides immunity and protection against diseases.
White blood cells fight harmful germs and infections.
7. Blood prevents excessive blood loss by clotting.
Platelets help in forming clots at injured areas.
Q. Describe blood clotting, blood grouping and cross-matching.
Answer : Blood Clotting (Hemostasis)
Hemostasis is the process by which bleeding is stopped.
Stages:
Vascular spasm – vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation – fibrin clot formation
Blood Grouping
Blood grouping is classification of blood based on antigens and antibodies.
Types:
ABO system
ABO Blood Group System:
Group A – antigen A, antibody B
Group B – antigen B, antibody A
Group AB – antigens A & B, no antibody
Group O – no antigen, antibodies A & B
Rh System:
Rh positive – Rh antigen present
Rh negative – Rh antigen absent
Blood Cross-Matching
Cross-matching is done before blood transfusion to ensure compatibility between donor and recipient.
Types:
Major cross-matching
Minor cross-matching
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