Chapter 13

                                                         ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤


1. ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨¨ਾ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨šੋā¨ˆ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨¨ਾ 1206 ā¨ˆ. ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ੁā¨¤ā¨Ŧā¨‰ā¨Ļੀā¨¨ ā¨ā¨Ŧā¨• ā¨Ļੁā¨†ā¨°ਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ ā¨—ā¨ˆ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žੁā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨Žਾā¨¨ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨ĩੰā¨¸਼ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¨ੀā¨ĩ ā¨°ੱā¨–ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨†ā¨Ēā¨Ŗੀ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨§ਾā¨¨ੀ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਾā¨‡ā¨†। ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨° ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žੁā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨Žਾā¨¨ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨¨ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨Žੁੱā¨– ā¨•ੇਂā¨Ļā¨° ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗੀ।

2. ā¨•ੁā¨¤ā¨Ŧā¨‰ā¨Ļੀā¨¨ ā¨ā¨Ŧā¨• ā¨•ੌā¨Ŗ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨•ੁā¨¤ā¨Ŧā¨‰ā¨Ļੀā¨¨ ā¨ā¨Ŧā¨• ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੰā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨• ā¨¸ੀ। ā¨‰ā¨š ā¨‡ੱā¨• ā¨Žੂā¨˛ ā¨Ļਾā¨¸ ā¨¸ੀ ā¨œੋ ā¨Žੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨†ā¨‡ā¨†। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¨ੀā¨ĩ ā¨°ੱā¨–ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨§ਾā¨¨ੀ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਾā¨‡ā¨†।

3. ā¨‡ā¨˛ā¨¤ੁā¨¤ā¨Žਿā¨¸਼ ā¨•ਿā¨¸ ā¨¤ā¨°੍ā¨šਾਂ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨• ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਿā¨†?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‡ā¨˛ā¨¤ੁā¨¤ā¨Žਿā¨¸਼ ā¨•ੁā¨¤ā¨Ŧā¨‰ā¨Ļੀā¨¨ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Ļਾā¨¸ ā¨¸ੀ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨†ā¨Ēā¨Ŗੀ ā¨¯ੋā¨§ਾ ā¨•ੁā¨¸਼ā¨˛ā¨¤ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸ā¨Žā¨°ā¨Ĩਾ ā¨Ļਿā¨–ਾā¨ˆ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ 1211 ā¨ˆ. ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਿā¨†।

4. ā¨‡ā¨˛ā¨¤ੁā¨¤ā¨Žਿā¨¸਼ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨†ā¨Ēā¨Ŗੇ ā¨‰ā¨¤ā¨°ਾā¨§ਿā¨•ਾā¨°ੀ ā¨•ੌā¨Ŗ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਾā¨‡ā¨†?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‡ā¨˛ā¨¤ੁā¨¤ā¨Žਿā¨¸਼ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨†ā¨Ēā¨Ŗੇ ā¨‰ā¨¤ā¨°ਾā¨§ਿā¨•ਾā¨°ੀ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨°ā¨œ਼ੀā¨† ā¨¸ੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨šੁā¨Ŗਿā¨†, ā¨œੋ ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Ēੁੱā¨¤ā¨°ੀ ā¨¸ੀ।

5. ā¨‡ā¨˛ā¨¤ੁā¨¤ā¨Žਿā¨¸਼ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨•ਿā¨¸ ā¨¤ā¨°੍ā¨šਾਂ ā¨…ā¨Žੀā¨°ਾਂ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ੇ ā¨•ਾā¨Ŧੂ ā¨Ēਾā¨‡ā¨†?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‡ā¨˛ā¨¤ੁā¨¤ā¨Žਿā¨¸਼ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨…ā¨Žੀā¨°ਾਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨ĩੱā¨§ ā¨°ā¨šੀ ā¨¸਼ā¨•ā¨¤ੀ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨•ੰā¨Ÿā¨°ੋā¨˛ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨‰ā¨¨੍ā¨šਾਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨•ਾā¨¨ੂੰā¨¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨¨ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨Ŧੰā¨§ ā¨…ā¨¨ੁā¨¸ਾā¨° ā¨°ੱā¨–ਿā¨† ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨šਾā¨˛ੀā¨¸ ā¨…ā¨Žੀā¨°ਾਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¨ਿā¨¯ੁā¨•ā¨¤ੀ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ।

6. ā¨°ā¨œ਼ੀā¨† ā¨¸ੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨•ਾā¨˛ ā¨•ਿੰā¨¨ਾ ā¨˛ੰā¨Ŧਾ ā¨°ਿā¨šਾ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨°ā¨œ਼ੀā¨† ā¨¸ੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨¨ੇ 1236-1240 ā¨ˆ. ā¨¤ੱā¨• ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨•ਾā¨˛ ā¨¸ੰā¨˜ā¨°ā¨¸਼ ā¨­ā¨°ਿā¨† ā¨¸ੀ ā¨•ਿā¨‰ਂā¨•ਿ ā¨…ā¨Žੀā¨° ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ģੌā¨œ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨œā¨¨ā¨°ā¨˛ ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨†ā¨—ਿā¨† ā¨¨ā¨šੀਂ ā¨Žੰā¨¨ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¸ā¨¨।

7. ā¨°ā¨œ਼ੀā¨† ā¨¸ੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨•ਿā¨‰ਂ ā¨Žਾā¨°ਿā¨† ā¨—ਿā¨†?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨°ā¨œ਼ੀā¨† ā¨¸ੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨…ā¨Žੀā¨°ਾਂ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žਾā¨°ਿā¨† ā¨•ਿā¨‰ਂā¨•ਿ ā¨‰ā¨š ā¨‡ੱā¨• ā¨‡ā¨¸ā¨¤ā¨°ੀ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨†ā¨—ੂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Žੰā¨¨ā¨Ŗ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨¤ਿā¨†ā¨° ā¨¨ā¨šੀਂ ā¨¸ā¨¨। ā¨‰ā¨š ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸਼ā¨•ā¨¤ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨†ā¨—ਿā¨†ā¨ĩਾā¨šੀ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨¨ā¨•ਾā¨°ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¸ā¨¨।

8. ā¨—ਿā¨†ā¨¸ā¨‰ā¨Ļੀā¨¨ ā¨Ŧā¨˛ā¨Ŧā¨¨ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ਿā¨šāŠœੀā¨†ਂ ā¨¨ੀā¨¤ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨…ā¨Ēā¨Ŗਾā¨ˆā¨†ਂ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨—ਿā¨†ā¨¸ā¨‰ā¨Ļੀā¨¨ ā¨Ŧā¨˛ā¨Ŧā¨¨ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨˛ā¨šੂ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨˛ੋā¨šੇ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¨ੀā¨¤ੀ ā¨…ā¨Ēā¨Ŗਾā¨ˆ, ā¨œੋ ā¨Žੰā¨—ੋā¨˛ ā¨šā¨Žā¨˛ਿā¨†ਂ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨¸ੁā¨°ੱā¨–ਿā¨† ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨¸ā¨–਼ā¨¤ ā¨°ā¨Ŗā¨¨ੀā¨¤ੀ ā¨¸ੀ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Ģੌā¨œ ā¨Ēੁā¨¨ā¨°-ā¨—ā¨ ā¨¨ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ļੋā¨¸਼ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨¸ā¨–਼ā¨¤ ā¨¸ā¨œ਼ਾ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ੀ।

9. ā¨–਼ਿā¨˛ā¨œੀ ā¨ĩੰā¨¸਼ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨¨ਾ ā¨•ੌā¨Ŗ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨–਼ਿā¨˛ā¨œੀ ā¨ĩੰā¨¸਼ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੰā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨• ā¨œā¨˛ਾā¨˛ā¨‰ā¨Ļੀā¨¨ ā¨–਼ਿā¨˛ā¨œੀ ā¨¸ੀ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ 1290-1296 ā¨ˆ. ā¨¤ੱā¨• ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨¨ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ।

10. ā¨…ā¨˛ਾā¨‰ā¨Ļੀā¨¨ ā¨–਼ਿā¨˛ā¨œੀ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Žā¨šੱā¨¤ā¨ĩā¨Ēੂā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨Ģੌā¨œੀ ā¨¨ੀā¨¤ੀ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨…ā¨˛ਾā¨‰ā¨Ļੀā¨¨ ā¨–਼ਿā¨˛ā¨œੀ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨¸ੈā¨¨ਿā¨•ਾਂ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨šੁā¨˛ੀā¨ ā¨˛ਿā¨–ā¨Ŗ, ā¨˜ੋāŠœਿā¨†ਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Ļਾā¨—ā¨Ŗ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ģੌā¨œ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨¨ā¨•ā¨Ļ ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨–਼ਾā¨š ā¨Ļੇā¨Ŗ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨Ĩਾ ā¨¸਼ੁā¨°ੂ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ। ā¨‡ā¨¸ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨Ģੌā¨œ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨ĩā¨§ੀā¨† ā¨¸ੰā¨—ā¨ ਿā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ ā¨—ਿā¨†।

11. ā¨…ā¨˛ਾā¨‰ā¨Ļੀā¨¨ ā¨–਼ਿā¨˛ā¨œੀ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨†ā¨°ā¨Ĩਿā¨• ā¨¸ੁā¨§ਾā¨° ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žੰā¨Ąੀ ā¨…ā¨Ģā¨¸ā¨°ਾਂ ā¨Ļੁā¨†ā¨°ਾ ā¨•ੀā¨Žā¨¤ਾਂ ā¨¨ਿā¨¸਼ā¨šਿā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¨ਿā¨¯ā¨Ž ā¨¤ੋāŠœā¨¨ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੇ ā¨Ļੁā¨•ਾā¨¨ā¨Ļਾā¨°ਾਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨¸ā¨–਼ā¨¤ ā¨¸ā¨œ਼ਾ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ੀ। ā¨˜ੱā¨Ÿ ā¨¤ੋā¨˛ā¨Ŗ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੇ ā¨Ļੁā¨•ਾā¨¨ā¨Ļਾā¨°ਾਂ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¸ā¨°ੀā¨° ā¨Ļਾ ā¨šਿੱā¨¸ਾ ā¨•ੱā¨Ÿ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ਾ ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļਾ।

12. ā¨Žੁā¨šੰā¨Žā¨Ļ-ā¨Ŧਿā¨¨-ā¨¤ੁā¨—ā¨˛ā¨• ā¨¨ੂੰ ‘ā¨Ŧੁੱā¨§ੀā¨Žਾā¨¨ ā¨Žੂā¨°ā¨–’ ā¨•ਿā¨‰ਂ ā¨•ਿā¨šਾ ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨•ਿā¨‰ਂā¨•ਿ ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨¯ੋā¨œā¨¨ਾā¨ĩਾਂ, ā¨œਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨•ਿ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨§ਾā¨¨ੀ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Ŧā¨Ļā¨˛ā¨Ŗਾ, ā¨•ਾਂā¨¸ੇ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¸ਿੱā¨•ੇ ā¨œਾā¨°ੀ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨¨ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨–ੁā¨°ਾā¨¸ੇā¨¨ ā¨Ģā¨¤ਿā¨š ā¨•ā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨•ੋā¨¸਼ਿā¨¸਼, ā¨…ā¨¸ā¨Ģ਼ā¨˛ ā¨°ā¨šੀā¨†ਂ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨˛ੋā¨•ਾਂ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨Žੁā¨¸ੀā¨Ŧā¨¤ਾਂ ā¨Ēੈā¨Ļਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀā¨†ਂ।

13. ā¨Žੁā¨šੰā¨Žā¨Ļ-ā¨Ŧਿā¨¨-ā¨¤ੁā¨—ā¨˛ā¨• ā¨¨ੇ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨§ਾā¨¨ੀ ā¨•ਿā¨‰ਂ ā¨Ŧā¨Ļā¨˛ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ 1327 ā¨ˆ. ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨Ļੌā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨Ŧਾā¨Ļ ā¨Ŧā¨Ļā¨˛ੀ ā¨•ਿā¨‰ਂā¨•ਿ ā¨‰ā¨š ā¨¸ਾā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸ੁā¨°ੱā¨–ਿā¨† ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨¨ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨Ŧੰā¨§ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨¸ੁā¨§ਾā¨°ā¨¨ਾ ā¨šਾā¨šੁੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੀ।

14. ā¨Žੁā¨šੰā¨Žā¨Ļ-ā¨Ŧਿā¨¨-ā¨¤ੁā¨—ā¨˛ā¨• ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨¯ੋā¨œā¨¨ਾā¨ĩਾਂ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¨ā¨¤ੀā¨œੇ ā¨•ੀ ā¨°ā¨šੇ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨§ਾā¨¨ੀ ā¨Ŧā¨Ļā¨˛ā¨Ŗ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨˛ੋā¨• ā¨Žā¨°ੇ, ā¨•ਾਂā¨¸ੇ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¸ਿੱā¨•ੇ ā¨¨ā¨•ā¨˛ੀ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਾā¨ ā¨—ā¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨–ੁā¨°ਾā¨¸ੇā¨¨ ā¨Ģā¨¤ਿā¨š ā¨¨ਾ ā¨šੋ ā¨¸ā¨•ੀ। ā¨‡ā¨¸ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨…ā¨¸਼ਾਂā¨¤ੀ ā¨Ģੈā¨˛ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨–ā¨œ਼ਾā¨¨ਾ ā¨–਼ਾā¨˛ੀ ā¨šੋ ā¨—ਿā¨†।

15. ā¨Ģਿā¨°ੋā¨œ਼ā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨¤ੁā¨—ā¨˛ā¨• ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨¨ ā¨•ਾā¨˛ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨‰ā¨Ēā¨˛ā¨Ŧā¨§ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨•ੀ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ģਿā¨°ੋā¨œ਼ā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨¨ੇ ā¨˛ੋā¨•ਾਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨­ā¨˛ਾā¨ˆ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨¨ā¨šਿā¨°ਾਂ, ā¨¤ā¨˛ਾā¨Ŧ, ā¨šā¨¸ā¨Ēā¨¤ਾā¨˛ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸ā¨°ਾā¨ĩਾਂ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗā¨ĩਾā¨। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨–ੇā¨¤ੀ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ੋā¨¤ā¨¸ਾā¨šā¨¨ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨­ੂā¨Žੀ-ā¨˛ā¨—ਾā¨¨ ā¨˜ā¨Ÿਾ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ਾ।

16. ā¨¤ੈā¨Žੂā¨° ā¨¨ੇ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ 'ā¨¤ੇ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨šā¨Žā¨˛ਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: 1398 ā¨ˆ. ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¤ੈā¨Žੂā¨° ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žੱā¨§ ā¨ā¨¸਼ੀā¨† ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ 'ā¨¤ੇ ā¨šā¨Žā¨˛ਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨˛ੁੱā¨Ÿ-ā¨Žਾā¨° ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ। ā¨‡ā¨¸ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Ēā¨¤ā¨¨ ā¨šੋ ā¨—ਿā¨†।

17. ā¨–ਿā¨œ਼ā¨° ā¨–ਾਂ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨•ੀ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¤ੈā¨Žੂā¨° ā¨¨ੇ ā¨–ਿā¨œ਼ā¨° ā¨–ਾਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Žੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨, ā¨˛ਾā¨šੌā¨° ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ļੀā¨Ēਾā¨˛ā¨Ēੁā¨° ā¨Ļਾ ā¨—ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨¨ā¨° ā¨¨ਿā¨¯ੁā¨•ā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ। 1414 ā¨ˆ. ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨–ਿā¨œ਼ā¨° ā¨–ਾਂ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Ģਿā¨° ā¨œਿੱā¨¤ ā¨•ੇ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Ēā¨¤ā¨¨ ā¨•ā¨° ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ਾ।

18. ā¨¸ā¨¯੍ā¨¯ā¨Ļ ā¨ĩੰā¨¸਼ ā¨•ā¨Ļੋਂ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨•ੌā¨Ŗ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēਿā¨¤ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸ā¨¯੍ā¨¯ā¨Ļ ā¨ĩੰā¨¸਼ ā¨–ਿā¨œ਼ā¨° ā¨–ਾਂ ā¨Ļੁā¨†ā¨°ਾ 1414-1451 ā¨ˆ. ā¨¤ੱā¨• ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨¨ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēਿā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ ā¨—ਿā¨†।

19. ā¨˛ੋā¨§ੀ ā¨ĩੰā¨¸਼ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੰā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨• ā¨•ੌā¨Ŗ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ŧā¨šਿā¨˛ੋā¨˛ ā¨˛ੋā¨§ੀ 1451 ā¨ˆ. ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨˛ੋā¨§ੀ ā¨ĩੰā¨¸਼ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੰā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨• ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਿā¨† ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸਼ਾਂā¨¤ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨•ਾā¨¨ੂੰā¨¨ ā¨•ਾā¨‡ā¨Ž ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ।

20. ā¨¸ਿā¨•ੰā¨Ļā¨° ā¨˛ੋā¨§ੀ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¯ੋā¨—ā¨Ļਾā¨¨ ā¨•ੀ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸ਿā¨•ੰā¨Ļā¨° ā¨˛ੋā¨§ੀ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨–ੇā¨¤ੀā¨ŦਾāŠœੀ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸ੁā¨§ਾā¨° ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ, ā¨•ੀā¨Žā¨¤ਾਂ ā¨˜ā¨Ÿਾā¨ˆā¨†ਂ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ 1503 ā¨ˆ. ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨†ā¨—ā¨°ਾ ā¨¸਼ā¨šਿā¨° ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨¨ਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ।

21. ā¨‡ā¨Ŧā¨°ਾā¨šੀā¨Ž ā¨˛ੋā¨§ੀ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨•ਾā¨˛ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨–਼ā¨¤ā¨Ž ā¨šੋā¨‡ā¨†?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: 1526 ā¨ˆ. ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ŧਾā¨Ŧā¨° ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Ēਾā¨Ŗੀā¨Ēā¨¤ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Ēā¨šਿā¨˛ੀ ā¨˛āŠœਾā¨ˆ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‡ā¨Ŧā¨°ਾā¨šੀā¨Ž ā¨˛ੋā¨§ੀ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨šā¨°ਾ ā¨•ੇ ā¨Žਾā¨° ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ਾ। ā¨‡ā¨¸ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨…ੰā¨¤ ā¨šੋ ā¨—ਿā¨†।

22. ā¨Ŧਾā¨Ŧā¨° ā¨¨ੇ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ੀ ā¨¨ā¨ĩੀਂ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨¨ਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ŧਾā¨Ŧā¨° ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žੁā¨—਼ā¨˛ ā¨¸ਾā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¨ੀਂā¨š ā¨°ੱā¨–ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‡ā¨Ŧā¨°ਾā¨šੀā¨Ž ā¨˛ੋā¨§ੀ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¸ā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨Ÿ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨–਼ā¨¤ā¨Ž ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ।

23. ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨•ੇਂā¨Ļā¨°ੀ ā¨¸ā¨°ā¨•ਾā¨° ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੰā¨°ā¨šā¨¨ਾ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸ੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨Žā¨šੱā¨¤ā¨ĩā¨Ēੂā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨Žੰā¨¤ā¨°ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨¨ਿā¨¯ੁā¨•ā¨¤ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੀ। ā¨ĩā¨œ਼ੀā¨° ā¨ĩਿੱā¨¤ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨˛ā¨—ਾā¨¨ ā¨ĩਿā¨­ਾā¨— ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Žੁā¨–ੀ ā¨¸ੀ। ā¨Žੁā¨¸਼ā¨°ਿā¨Ģ-ā¨-ā¨Žā¨Žਾā¨˛ਿā¨•, ā¨Žੁā¨¸ā¨¤ੋā¨Ģੀ-ā¨-ā¨Žā¨Žਾā¨˛ਿā¨•, ā¨†ā¨°ā¨œ਼-ā¨-ā¨Žā¨Žਾā¨˛ਿā¨• ā¨†ā¨Ļਿ ā¨Žੁੱā¨– ā¨…ā¨§ਿā¨•ਾā¨°ੀ ā¨¸ā¨¨।

24. ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ਾਂā¨¤ā¨• ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨Ŧੰā¨§ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ ā¨—ਿā¨† ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ਾਂā¨¤ਾਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨ĩੰā¨Ąਿā¨† ā¨—ਿā¨†। ā¨¸ੂā¨Ŧੇā¨Ļਾā¨°, ā¨Žੁā¨•ā¨¤ੀ ā¨œਾਂ ā¨ĩā¨˛ੀ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ਾਂā¨¤ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Žੁā¨–ੀ ā¨¸ā¨¨। ā¨Ēā¨°ā¨—ā¨¨ਿā¨†ਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨†ā¨Žਿā¨˛ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨§ਾā¨¨, ā¨Ēਿੰā¨Ąਾਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žੁā¨•ੱā¨Ļā¨Ž ā¨Žੁā¨–ੀ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੇ ā¨¸ā¨¨।

25. ā¨¸ੈā¨¨ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸ੈā¨¨ਿā¨• ā¨•ੰā¨Ÿā¨°ੋā¨˛ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Žā¨šੱā¨¤ā¨ĩ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ģੌā¨œ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Žā¨Ļā¨Ļ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨¤ੇ ā¨•ਾā¨Ŧੂ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ, ā¨ĩਿā¨Ļੇā¨¸਼ੀ ā¨šā¨Žā¨˛ਿā¨†ਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨°ੋā¨•ਿā¨† ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨ĩਿā¨Ļā¨°ੋā¨šਾਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨•ੁā¨šā¨˛ਿā¨†।

26. ā¨Ļā¨°ā¨Ŧਾā¨° ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ਿā¨¸ ā¨¤ā¨°੍ā¨šਾਂ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨Ŧੰā¨§ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸ੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ļā¨°ā¨Ŧਾā¨° ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žੰā¨¤ā¨°ੀ, ā¨ĩਿā¨­ਾā¨— ā¨Žੁੱā¨–ੀ, ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨Ļੂā¨¤ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨•ੁā¨Žਾā¨°ਾਂ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨¸ੀā¨Ÿਾਂ ā¨¨ਿā¨°ā¨§ਾā¨°ਿā¨¤ ā¨¸ā¨¨।

27. ā¨•ੁā¨˛ੀā¨¨ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨— ā¨Ļੀ ā¨­ੂā¨Žਿā¨•ਾ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸ੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ā¨šਾā¨°ਾ, ā¨•ੇਂā¨Ļā¨°ੀ ā¨Žੰā¨¤ā¨°ੀ, ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ਾਂā¨¤ā¨• ā¨—ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨¨ā¨°, ā¨¸ੈā¨¨ਿā¨• ā¨Žੁੱā¨–ੀ ā¨•ੁā¨˛ੀā¨¨ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨— ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸਼ਾā¨Žā¨˛ ā¨¸ā¨¨। ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨— ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸਼ā¨•ā¨¤ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¨ਿā¨°ੰā¨•ੁā¨¸਼ā¨¤ਾ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žā¨Ļā¨Ļ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੀ।

28. ā¨­ੂā¨Žੀ-ā¨˛ā¨—ਾā¨¨ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨Žੁੱā¨– ā¨¸੍ā¨°ੋā¨¤ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨¤ā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨†ā¨Žā¨Ļā¨¨ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Žੁੱā¨– ā¨¸ਾā¨§ā¨¨ ā¨­ੂā¨Žੀ-ā¨˛ā¨—ਾā¨¨ ā¨¸ੀ। ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨Ŧā¨Ÿਾā¨ˆ, ā¨•ਾā¨¨ā¨•ੂā¨¤ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨­ੂā¨Žੀ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Žਿā¨Ŗā¨¤ੀ 'ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¨ਿā¨°ā¨­ā¨° ā¨¸ੀ।

29. ā¨–ā¨°ਾā¨œ਼, ā¨–ā¨Žā¨¸, ā¨œā¨œ਼ੀā¨† ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨œ਼ā¨•ਾā¨¤ ā¨•ੀ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨–ā¨°ਾā¨œ਼ ā¨—ੈā¨°-ā¨Žੁā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨Žਾā¨¨ਾਂ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨­ੂā¨Žੀ ā¨•ā¨°, ā¨–ā¨Žā¨¸ ā¨¯ੁੱā¨§ ā¨Ļੌā¨°ਾā¨¨ ā¨˛ੁੱā¨Ÿੇ ā¨Žਾā¨˛ ā¨Ļਾ 1/5, ā¨œ਼ā¨•ਾā¨¤ ā¨Žੁā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨Žਾā¨¨ਾਂ ā¨Ļਾ 2.5%, ā¨œā¨œ਼ੀā¨† ā¨—ੈā¨°-ā¨Žੁā¨¸ā¨˛ā¨Žਾā¨¨ਾਂ ā¨Ļਾ 10-40% ā¨•ā¨° ā¨¸ੀ।

30. ā¨•ੁā¨¤ā¨Ŧ ā¨Žੀā¨¨ਾā¨° ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¨ਿā¨°ā¨Žਾā¨Ŗ ā¨•ਿā¨¸ā¨¨ੇ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨ĩਾā¨‡ā¨†?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨•ੁā¨¤ā¨Ŧā¨‰ā¨Ļੀā¨¨ ā¨ā¨Ŧā¨• ā¨¨ੇ ā¨•ੁā¨¤ā¨Ŧ ā¨Žੀā¨¨ਾā¨° ā¨Ļੀ ā¨‰ā¨¸ਾā¨°ੀ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨ĩਾā¨ˆ।

Answer by Mrinmoee