Chapter 20 

                                                    18ā¨ĩੀਂ ā¨¸ā¨Ļੀ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤


1. ā¨‰ā¨¤ā¨°ā¨•ਾā¨˛ੀā¨¨ ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ ā¨•ੌā¨Ŗ ā¨¸ā¨¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ā¨š ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨¸਼ā¨•ā¨¤ੀā¨šੀā¨Ŗ ā¨šੋ ā¨—ā¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‰ā¨¤ā¨°ā¨•ਾā¨˛ੀā¨¨ ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ ā¨”ā¨°ੰā¨—ā¨œ਼ੇā¨Ŧ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Žੌā¨¤ (1707 ā¨ˆ:) ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨Ŧਾā¨…ā¨Ļ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੇ ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ ā¨Ŧਾā¨Ļā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨šā¨¨। ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨• ā¨‡ā¨¨ੇ ā¨¸਼ā¨•ā¨¤ੀā¨šੀā¨Ŗ ā¨¸ā¨¨ ā¨•ਿ ā¨¸ਾā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ļੂā¨°-ā¨Ļā¨°ਾāŠ› ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ਾਂā¨¤ਾਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨‡ā¨•ੱā¨ ਾ ā¨¨ਾ ā¨°ੱā¨– ā¨¸ā¨•ੇ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨–ੇā¨¤ā¨°ਿā¨• ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨•ਾਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨‰ā¨¤ā¨Ĩਾā¨¨ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨•ਾā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨•ੇਂā¨Ļā¨°ੀ ā¨¸ੱā¨¤ਾ ā¨˜ā¨Ÿ ā¨—ā¨ˆ।

2. ā¨Ŧā¨šਾā¨Ļā¨° ā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨Ļਾ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨•ਾā¨˛ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Žā¨šੱā¨¤ā¨¤ਾ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ŧā¨šਾā¨Ļā¨° ā¨¸਼ਾā¨š 1707 ā¨¤ੋਂ 1712 ā¨ˆ: ā¨¤ੱā¨• ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨ ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸ਿੱā¨– ā¨¸਼ā¨•ā¨¤ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨‰ā¨¤ā¨Ĩਾā¨¨ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨°ੋā¨• ā¨¨ā¨šੀਂ ā¨¸ā¨•ਿā¨†। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Žੌā¨¤ 1712 ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨šੋ ā¨—ā¨ˆ।

3. ā¨œā¨šਾਂā¨Ļਾā¨° ā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨Ļਾ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨–ā¨¤ā¨Ž ā¨šੋā¨‡ā¨†?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨œā¨šਾਂā¨Ļਾā¨° ā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨¨ੇ ā¨•ੁā¨ ā¨Žā¨šੀā¨¨ੇ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨­ā¨°ਾ ā¨šੁā¨¸ੈā¨¨ ā¨…ā¨˛ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨…ā¨Ŧā¨Ļੁā¨˛ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨•ā¨ ā¨Ēੁੱā¨¤ā¨˛ੀ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਾā¨‰ā¨Ŗ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨•ੋā¨¸਼ਿā¨¸਼ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ, ā¨œਿā¨¸ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨‰ā¨šā¨¨ਾ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Žਾā¨° ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ਾ।

4. ā¨Ģ਼ਾā¨°ā¨–ā¨¸ੀā¨…ā¨° ā¨Ļਾ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨šੱā¨˛ਿā¨†?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ģ਼ਾā¨°ā¨–ā¨¸ੀā¨…ā¨° ā¨¨ਾਂ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Ŧਾā¨Ļā¨¸਼ਾā¨š 1713 ā¨¤ੋਂ 1719 ā¨ˆ: ā¨¤ੱā¨• ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ। ā¨Ēā¨° ā¨•ੇā¨ĩā¨˛ ā¨¨ਾਂ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨°ਾā¨œਾ ā¨¸ੀ। ā¨¸ਿā¨†ā¨¸ੀ ā¨¤ਾā¨•ā¨¤ ā¨¸ā¨¯ā¨Ļ ā¨­ā¨°ਾā¨ĩਾਂ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨šੱā¨Ĩ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸ੀ। ā¨œā¨Ļੋਂ ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨†ā¨œ਼ਾā¨Ļ ā¨šੋā¨Ŗ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨•ੋā¨¸਼ਿā¨¸਼ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ ā¨¤ਾਂ ā¨‰ā¨¸ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Žਾā¨° ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ਾ ā¨—ਿā¨†।

5. ā¨Žੁā¨šੰā¨Žā¨Ļ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨Ļਾ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¯ੋā¨—ā¨¤ਾ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Žੁā¨šੰā¨Žā¨Ļ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨š 1719 ā¨¤ੋਂ 1748 ā¨ˆ: ā¨¤ੱā¨• ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨¸ā¨¯ā¨Ļ ā¨­ā¨°ਾā¨ĩਾਂ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨–਼ਾā¨¤ā¨Žਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ, ā¨Ēā¨° ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¸਼ā¨•ā¨¤ੀā¨¸਼ਾā¨˛ੀ ā¨—ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨¨ā¨°ਾਂ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨ĩੱā¨–-ā¨ĩੱā¨– ā¨–ੇā¨¤ā¨°ਾਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸ੁā¨¤ੰā¨¤ā¨° ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨¤ ā¨•ā¨° ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ੇ।

6. ā¨Ŧā¨šਾā¨Ļā¨° ā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨œā¨Ģ਼ā¨° ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ਾā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨–ā¨¤ā¨Ž ā¨šੋā¨‡ā¨†?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ŧā¨šਾā¨Ļā¨° ā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨œā¨Ģ਼ā¨° ā¨¨ੂੰ 1858 ā¨ˆ: ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨…ੰā¨—ā¨°ੇā¨œ਼ਾਂ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨—ੱā¨Ļੀ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨‰ā¨¤ਾā¨° ā¨•ੇ ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ ā¨¸ਾā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨…ੰā¨¤ ā¨•ā¨° ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ਾ।

7. 18ā¨ĩੀਂ ā¨¸ā¨Ļੀ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¨ā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨•ੌā¨Ŗ-ā¨•ੌā¨Ŗ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēਿā¨¤ ā¨šੋā¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ŧੰā¨—ਾā¨˛, ā¨…ā¨ĩā¨§, ā¨°ੁā¨šੇā¨˛ā¨–ੰā¨Ą, ā¨Žੈā¨¸ੂā¨°, ā¨šੈā¨Ļā¨°ਾā¨Ŧਾā¨Ļ, ā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨ ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸ਿੱā¨– ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨†ā¨Ļਿ ā¨¨ā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēਿā¨¤ ā¨šੋā¨।

8. ā¨Ŧੰā¨—ਾā¨˛ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੁā¨¤ੰā¨¤ā¨° ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਿā¨†?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: 1717 ā¨ˆ: ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žੁā¨°ā¨¸਼ā¨Ļ ā¨•ੁā¨˛ੀ ā¨–ਾਂ ā¨Ŧੰā¨—ਾā¨˛ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰āŠœੀā¨¸ਾ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੂā¨Ŧੇā¨Ļਾā¨° ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਿā¨†। ā¨ĩਾā¨¸ā¨¤ā¨ĩ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‰ā¨š ā¨¸ੁā¨¤ੰā¨¤ā¨° ā¨°ੂā¨Ē ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੀ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žੁā¨°ā¨¸਼ā¨Ļਾā¨Ŧਾā¨Ļ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨§ਾā¨¨ੀ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਾā¨ˆ।

9. ā¨…ā¨˛ੀā¨ĩā¨°ā¨Ļੀ ā¨–ਾā¨¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ŧੰā¨—ਾā¨˛ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨­ੂā¨Žਿā¨•ਾ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨…ā¨˛ੀā¨ĩā¨°ā¨Ļੀ ā¨–ਾā¨¨ ā¨¨ੇ 1740 ā¨ˆ: ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ŧੰā¨—ਾā¨˛, ā¨Ŧਿā¨šਾā¨° ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰āŠœੀā¨¸ਾ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨• ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗ ā¨•ੇ ā¨–ੇā¨¤ੀā¨ŦਾāŠœੀ, ā¨‰ā¨Ļā¨¯ੋā¨— ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨ĩā¨Ēਾā¨° ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨‰ੱā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸਼ਾਂā¨¤ੀ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēਿā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ।

10. ā¨¸ā¨†ā¨Ļā¨¤ ā¨–ਾā¨¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨…ā¨ĩā¨§ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‰ā¨¸ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¯ੋā¨—ā¨¤ਾ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸ā¨†ā¨Ļā¨¤ ā¨–ਾā¨¨ 1722 ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨…ā¨ĩā¨§ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੂā¨Ŧੇā¨Ļਾā¨° ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਿā¨†। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨†ā¨°ā¨Ĩਿā¨• ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਿā¨¤ੀ ā¨¸ੁā¨§ਾā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨¤ੇ ā¨–ੇā¨¤ੀā¨ŦਾāŠœੀ ‘ā¨¤ੇ ā¨§ਿā¨†ā¨¨ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ਾ। 1739 ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Žੌā¨¤ ā¨šੋ ā¨—ā¨ˆ।

11. ā¨šੈā¨Ļā¨°ਾā¨Ŧਾā¨Ļ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¨ਿā¨œ਼ਾā¨Ž ā¨•ੌā¨Ŗ ā¨¸ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Žā¨šੱā¨¤ā¨¤ਾ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¨ਿā¨œ਼ਾā¨Ž-ā¨‰ā¨˛-ā¨Žੁā¨˛ā¨•, ā¨Žੁā¨šੰā¨Žā¨Ļ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Žੁੱā¨– ā¨ĩā¨œ਼ੀā¨°, ā¨šੈā¨Ļā¨°ਾā¨Ŧਾā¨Ļ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ੰā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨• ā¨¸ੀ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨†ā¨¸ā¨Ģ਼ā¨œ਼ਾā¨š ā¨Ļੀ ā¨‰ā¨Ēਾā¨§ੀ ā¨Žਿā¨˛ੀ ā¨Ēā¨° ā¨¸ੱā¨š ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‰ā¨š ā¨šੈā¨Ļā¨°ਾā¨Ŧਾā¨Ļ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨…ā¨¸ā¨˛ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨• ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗ ā¨—ਿā¨†।

12. ā¨šੈā¨Ļā¨° ā¨…ā¨˛ੀ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žੈā¨¸ੂā¨° ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ਿā¨šāŠœੀā¨†ਂ ā¨‰ā¨Ēā¨˛ā¨Ŧā¨§ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ਾā¨Ēā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀā¨†ਂ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨šੈā¨Ļā¨° ā¨…ā¨˛ੀ 1761 ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žੈā¨¸ੂā¨° ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨• ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਿā¨†। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žੈā¨¸ੂā¨° ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨šੰā¨—ਾ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨Ŧੰā¨§ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ, ā¨šੋā¨° ā¨§ā¨°ā¨Žਾਂ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ā¨¤ਿā¨•ਾā¨° ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨•ā¨ˆ ā¨‡ā¨˛ਾā¨•ੇ ā¨œਿੱā¨¤ ā¨•ੇ ā¨Žੈā¨¸ੂā¨° ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨¸਼ā¨•ā¨¤ੀā¨¸਼ਾā¨˛ੀ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਾā¨‡ā¨†।

13. ā¨Ÿੀā¨Ēੂ ā¨¸ੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ੀ ā¨–ਾā¨¸ ā¨•ਾā¨°ā¨œ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੇ ā¨—ā¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ÿੀā¨Ēੂ ā¨¸ੁā¨˛ā¨¤ਾā¨¨ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žੈā¨¸ੂā¨° ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Ģੌā¨œ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨†ā¨§ੁā¨¨ਿā¨•ੀā¨•ā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ, ā¨‰ā¨Ļā¨¯ੋā¨— ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨ĩā¨Ēਾā¨° ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨‰ੱā¨¨ā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨…ੰā¨—ā¨°ੇā¨œ਼ਾਂ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨šੌā¨Ĩੇ ā¨ਂā¨—ā¨˛ੋ-ā¨Žੈā¨¸ੂā¨° ā¨¯ੁੱā¨§ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žਾā¨°ਿā¨† ā¨—ਿā¨†।

14. ā¨¸਼ਿā¨ĩਾā¨œੀ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸਼ā¨•ā¨¤ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¯ੋā¨—ā¨¤ਾ ā¨Ŧਾā¨°ੇ ā¨œਾā¨Ŗā¨•ਾā¨°ੀ ā¨Ļਿā¨“।

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸਼ਿā¨ĩਾā¨œੀ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨ ਾ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨¨ਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ, ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨ĩਿā¨°ੁੱā¨§ ā¨¸ੰā¨˜ā¨°ā¨¸਼ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨›ੱā¨¤ā¨°ā¨Ēā¨¤ੀ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨‰ā¨Ēਾā¨§ੀ ā¨§ਾā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Ŧੀā¨œਾā¨Ēੁā¨° ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨•ā¨ˆ ā¨‡ā¨˛ਾā¨•ਿā¨†ਂ 'ā¨¤ੇ ā¨•ā¨Ŧā¨œ਼ਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ।

15. ā¨¸਼ਿā¨ĩਾā¨œੀ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨¸ੰā¨˜ā¨°ā¨¸਼ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨ĩਿā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨°ਿā¨¤ ā¨˜ā¨Ÿā¨¨ਾ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: 1663 ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸਼ਿā¨ĩਾā¨œੀ ā¨†ā¨Ēā¨Ŗੇ 400 ā¨¸ੈā¨¨ਿā¨•ਾਂ ā¨¸ā¨Žੇā¨¤ ā¨°ਾā¨¤ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¸ā¨Žੇਂ ā¨Ēੁā¨¨ੇ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸਼ਾā¨‡ā¨¸ā¨¤ਾ ā¨–ਾā¨¨ 'ā¨¤ੇ ā¨šā¨Žā¨˛ਾ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨•ੇ ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ēੁੱā¨¤ā¨° ā¨…ā¨Ŧā¨Ļੁā¨˛ ā¨Ģā¨¤ਿā¨š ā¨¸ā¨Žੇā¨¤ ā¨•ā¨ˆ ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ ā¨¸ੈā¨¨ਿā¨•ਾਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Žਾā¨°ਿā¨†।

16. ā¨¸਼ਿā¨ĩਾā¨œੀ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°ਾā¨§ਿā¨•ਾā¨°ੀ ā¨•ੌā¨Ŗ ā¨¸ā¨¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ā¨šā¨¨ਾਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨­ੂā¨Žਿā¨•ਾ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸਼ਿā¨ĩਾā¨œੀ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ēੁੱā¨¤ā¨° ā¨¸਼ੰā¨­ਾā¨œੀ, ā¨°ਾā¨œਾ ā¨°ਾā¨Ž ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ā¨¸ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ēੁੱā¨¤ā¨° ā¨¸਼ਿā¨ĩਾā¨œੀ ā¨Ļੂā¨œੇ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨ ਾ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨¸ੰā¨˜ā¨°ā¨¸਼ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਿā¨° ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ। ā¨°ਾā¨Ŗੀ ā¨¤ਾā¨°ਾā¨Ŧਾā¨ˆ ā¨¨ੇ 4 ā¨¸ਾā¨˛ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ēੁੱā¨¤ā¨° ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸ā¨°ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨¸ā¨¤ā¨—ੀ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ।

17. ā¨Ŧਾā¨˛ਾ ā¨œੀ ā¨ĩਿā¨¸਼ā¨ĩā¨¨ਾā¨Ĩ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ŧਾā¨œੀ ā¨°ਾā¨“ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Žā¨šੱā¨¤ā¨¤ਾ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ŧਾā¨˛ਾ ā¨œੀ ā¨ĩਿā¨¸਼ā¨ĩā¨¨ਾā¨Ĩ ā¨Ēੇā¨¸਼ā¨ĩਾ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗੇ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨šੌā¨˛ੀ-ā¨šੌā¨˛ੀ ā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨ ਾ ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨¸ਾā¨°ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨¸਼ā¨•ā¨¤ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨‰ā¨¨੍ā¨šਾਂ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨šੱā¨Ĩ ā¨† ā¨—ā¨ˆā¨†ਂ। ā¨Ŧਾā¨œੀ ā¨°ਾā¨“ ā¨¨ੇ 1740 ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨¸ਾā¨˛ā¨¸ੇਂā¨Ÿ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ŧਾā¨¸ੀā¨¨ ā¨‰ā¨¤ੇ ā¨•ā¨Ŧā¨œ਼ਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ।

18. ā¨…ā¨šਿā¨Žā¨Ļā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨…ā¨Ŧā¨Ļਾā¨˛ੀ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨ ਿā¨†ਂ ā¨¤ੇ ā¨•ਿā¨šāŠœੇ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨­ਾā¨ĩ ā¨Ēਾā¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨…ā¨šਿā¨Žā¨Ļā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨…ā¨Ŧā¨Ļਾā¨˛ੀ ā¨¨ੇ 1761 ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ēਾā¨Ŗੀā¨Ēā¨¤ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¤ੀā¨œੀ ā¨˛āŠœਾā¨ˆ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨ ਿā¨†ਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨šā¨°ਾ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ਾ। ā¨‡ā¨¸ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨Ŧਾā¨…ā¨Ļ ā¨Žā¨°ਾā¨ ਿā¨†ਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸ਿā¨†ā¨¸ੀ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਿā¨¤ੀ ā¨ĨੋāŠœੀ ā¨•ā¨Žā¨œ਼ੋā¨° ā¨šੋ ā¨—ā¨ˆ।

19. ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨Ēੂā¨¤ਾਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨šੋਂ ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨ ā¨°ਾā¨œਾ ā¨œੈ ā¨¸ਿੰā¨˜ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨ĩਿā¨¸਼ੇā¨¸਼ā¨¤ਾ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨ ā¨°ਾā¨œਾ ā¨œੈ ā¨¸ਿੰā¨˜ ā¨œੈā¨Ēੁā¨° ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨¸ਿੱā¨§ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨¸ā¨• ā¨¸ੀ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨ĩਿā¨—ਿā¨†ā¨¨ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨‰ā¨¤ā¨¸਼ਾā¨šਿā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨œੈā¨Ēੁā¨° ā¨¨ੂੰ 'ā¨—ੁā¨˛ਾā¨Ŧੀ ā¨¸਼ā¨šਿā¨°' ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਾā¨‡ā¨†।

20. ā¨œਾā¨Ÿਾਂ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨ĩਿā¨°ੁੱā¨§ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨¸ੰā¨˜ā¨°ā¨¸਼ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Žā¨Ĩੁā¨°ਾ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨œਾā¨Ÿਾਂ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨—ੋā¨•ā¨˛ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨…ā¨—ā¨ĩਾā¨ˆ ā¨šੇā¨  ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨ĩਿā¨°ੁੱā¨§ ā¨ĩਿā¨Ļā¨°ੋā¨š ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ। ā¨šੂāŠœਾā¨Žā¨¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ŧā¨Ļā¨¨ ā¨¸ਿੰā¨˜ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨•ਿā¨˛੍ā¨šੇ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਾā¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ā¨Ēੁā¨° ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨§ਾā¨¨ੀ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਾā¨ˆ।

21. 18ā¨ĩੀਂ ā¨¸ā¨Ļੀ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸ਿੱā¨–ਾਂ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨ĩਿā¨°ੁੱā¨§ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨˛āŠœਾā¨ˆ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸੍ā¨°ੀ ā¨—ੁā¨°ੂ ā¨—ੋā¨Ŧਿੰā¨Ļ ā¨¸ਿੰā¨˜ ā¨œੀ ā¨¨ੇ 1699 ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨–ਾā¨˛ā¨¸ਾ ā¨Ēੰā¨Ĩ ā¨¸ਿā¨°ā¨œਿā¨†। ā¨†ā¨¨ੰā¨Ļā¨Ēੁā¨° ā¨¸ਾā¨šਿā¨Ŧ, ā¨šā¨Žā¨•ੌā¨° ā¨¸ਾā¨šਿā¨Ŧ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨–ਿā¨Ļā¨°ਾā¨¨ਾ ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨˛āŠœਾā¨ˆā¨†ਂ ā¨šੋā¨ˆā¨†ਂ। ā¨Ļੋ ā¨¸ਾā¨šਿā¨Ŧā¨œ਼ਾā¨Ļੇ ā¨…ā¨œੀā¨¤ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨œੁā¨ਾā¨° ā¨¸਼ā¨šੀā¨Ļ ā¨šੋā¨।

22. ā¨Ŧੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ਿੰā¨˜ ā¨Ŧā¨šਾā¨Ļā¨° ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Žੁੱā¨ĸā¨˛ਾ ā¨¨ਾā¨Ž ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ā¨š ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨¸਼ਿੱā¨–ਾਂ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¨ੇā¨¤ਾ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗੇ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‰ā¨¸ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Žੁੱā¨ĸā¨˛ਾ ā¨¨ਾā¨Ž ā¨˛ā¨›ā¨Žā¨Ŗ ā¨Ļਾā¨¸ ā¨¸ੀ। 1708 ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨—ੁā¨°ੂ ā¨—ੋā¨Ŧਿੰā¨Ļ ā¨¸ਿੰā¨˜ ā¨œੀ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨Žੁā¨˛ਾā¨•ਾā¨¤ ā¨šੋā¨ˆ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ā¨¸ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨…ੱā¨¤ਿā¨†ā¨šਾā¨° ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Ŧā¨Ļā¨˛ਾ ā¨˛ੈā¨Ŗ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨šੁā¨•ā¨Ž ā¨Žਿā¨˛ਿā¨†।

23. ā¨Ŧੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ਿੰā¨˜ ā¨Ŧā¨šਾā¨Ļā¨° ā¨¨ੇ ā¨•ਿā¨šāŠœੇ ā¨‡ā¨˛ਾā¨•ਿā¨†ਂ 'ā¨¤ੇ ā¨œਿੱā¨¤ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ਾā¨Ēā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‰ā¨¸ā¨¨ੇ ā¨•ੈā¨Ĩā¨˛, ā¨¸ā¨Žਾā¨Ŗਾ, ā¨•ā¨Ēੂā¨°ੀ, ā¨¸ā¨ĸੌā¨°ਾ, ā¨¸ā¨šਾā¨°ā¨¨ā¨Ēੁā¨°, ā¨Ŧਿā¨šਾਂā¨¤, ā¨œā¨˛ਾā¨˛ਾā¨Ŧਾā¨Ļ, ā¨•ā¨°ā¨¨ਾā¨˛, ā¨Ēਾā¨¨ੀā¨Ēā¨¤, ā¨…ੰā¨Ž੍ā¨°ਿā¨¤ā¨¸ā¨°, ā¨—ੁā¨°ā¨Ļਾā¨¸ā¨Ēੁā¨°, ā¨•ā¨˛ਾā¨¨ੌā¨° ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ēā¨ ਾā¨¨ā¨•ੋā¨Ÿ 'ā¨¤ੇ ā¨œਿੱā¨¤ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ਾā¨Ēā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ।

24. ā¨Ŧੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ਿੰā¨˜ ā¨Ŧā¨šਾā¨Ļā¨° ā¨Ļੀ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨§ਾā¨¨ੀ ā¨•ਿੱā¨Ĩੇ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‰ā¨¸ā¨¨ੇ ā¨˛ੋā¨šā¨—āŠœ੍ā¨š ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨†ā¨Ēā¨Ŗੀ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨§ਾā¨¨ੀ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗਾā¨‡ā¨†।

25. ā¨Ŧੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ਿੰā¨˜ ā¨Ŧā¨šਾā¨Ļā¨° ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Žੌā¨¤ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨šੋā¨ˆ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: 1715 ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨—੍ā¨°ਿā¨Ģ਼ā¨¤ਾā¨° ā¨šੋ ā¨•ੇ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨­ੇā¨œਿā¨† ā¨—ਿā¨†। 9 ā¨œੂā¨¨, 1716 ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨•ā¨ˆ ā¨¤ā¨°੍ā¨šਾਂ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¤ā¨¸ੀā¨šੇ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨•ੇ ā¨¸਼ā¨šੀā¨Ļ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ ā¨—ਿā¨†।

26. ā¨…ā¨Ŧā¨Ļੁā¨¸ ā¨¸ā¨Žੱā¨Ļ ā¨–ਾਂ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨¸ਿੱā¨–ਾਂ ā¨ĩਿā¨°ੁੱā¨§ ā¨•ੀ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‰ā¨¸ā¨¨ੇ ā¨…ā¨Ŗā¨—ਿā¨Ŗā¨¤ ā¨¸ਿੱā¨–ਾਂ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨•ā¨¤ā¨˛ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ। ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Žੁā¨—ā¨˛ ā¨Ŧਾā¨Ļā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨Ģ਼ā¨°ੁā¨–ā¨¸ੀā¨…ā¨° ā¨¨ੇ 'ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¤ā¨˛ā¨ĩਾā¨°' ā¨Ļਾ ā¨–ਿā¨¤ਾā¨Ŧ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ਾ।

27. ā¨œ਼ā¨•ā¨°ੀā¨† ā¨–ਾਂ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¯ਾā¨šੀā¨† ā¨–ਾਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¨ੀā¨¤ੀ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ੀ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‰ā¨šā¨¨ਾਂ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨¸ਿੱā¨–ਾਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Ļā¨Žā¨¨ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨¸ā¨–਼ā¨¤ ā¨¨ੀā¨¤ੀ ā¨…ā¨Ēā¨Ŗਾā¨ˆ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ŧā¨šੁ ā¨—ਿā¨Ŗā¨¤ੀ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸਼ā¨šੀā¨Ļ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨ĩਾā¨‡ā¨†। ā¨¯ਾā¨šੀā¨† ā¨–ਾਂ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨›ੋā¨Ÿਾ ā¨˜ੱā¨˛ੂā¨˜ਾā¨°ਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ।

28. ā¨Žੀā¨° ā¨Žੰā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¨ੀā¨¤ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ā¨¸ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨­ਾā¨ĩ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¸ā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‰ā¨¸ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Ŧā¨šੁ ā¨—ਿā¨Ŗā¨¤ੀ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸ਿੱā¨–ਾਂ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨•ā¨¤ā¨˛ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨ĩਾā¨‡ā¨† ā¨Ēā¨° ā¨¸ਿੱā¨–ਾਂ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨†ā¨Ēā¨Ŗੀ ā¨¸਼ā¨•ā¨¤ੀ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨¸ੰā¨—ā¨ ਿā¨¤ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ।

29. ā¨…ā¨šਿā¨Žā¨Ļ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨š ā¨…ā¨Ŧā¨Ļਾā¨˛ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸ਿੱā¨–ਾਂ ā¨ĩਿā¨šਾā¨˛ੇ ā¨¸ੰā¨˜ā¨°ā¨¸਼ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨šੋā¨‡ā¨†?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‰ā¨¸ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Ēੰā¨œਾā¨Ŧ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ੇ ā¨…ੱā¨  ā¨ĩਾā¨° ā¨šā¨Žā¨˛ਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ। ā¨‡ā¨¸ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨¸ਿੱā¨–ਾਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Žਿā¨¸ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸ੰā¨—ā¨ ਿā¨¤ ā¨šੋā¨Ŗ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Žੌā¨•ਾ ā¨Ļਿੱā¨¤ਾ।

30. ā¨Žā¨šਾā¨°ਾā¨œਾ ā¨°ā¨Ŗā¨œੀā¨¤ ā¨¸ਿੰā¨˜ ā¨¨ੇ ā¨Ēੰā¨œਾā¨Ŧ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ੀ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ਾ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨‰ā¨¸ā¨¨ੇ ā¨¸ਾā¨°ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Žਿā¨¸ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨‡ā¨•ੱā¨ ਾ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨•ੇ ā¨Ēੰā¨œਾā¨Ŧ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸ੁā¨¤ੰā¨¤ā¨° ā¨°ਾā¨œ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨Ēā¨¨ਾ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ।

Answer by Mrinmoee