Chapter 4 

                                                                  ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂā¨Žੰā¨Ąā¨˛


ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:1 ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨°ੁੱā¨¤ ā¨•ਿā¨¸ ā¨¸ā¨Žੇਂ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨•ਿā¨¸ ā¨¸ā¨Žੇਂ ā¨¤ੱā¨• ā¨°ā¨šਿੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‡ā¨¸ ā¨¸ā¨Žੇਂ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¤ਾā¨Ēā¨Žਾā¨¨ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨°ੁੱā¨¤ ā¨¨ā¨ĩੰā¨Ŧā¨° ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨Žਾā¨°ā¨š ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ēā¨šਿā¨˛ੇ ā¨…ੱā¨§ ā¨¤ੱā¨• ā¨°ā¨šਿੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ। ā¨Ļੱā¨–ā¨Ŗੀ ā¨­ਾā¨— ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ļਿā¨¨ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¤ਾā¨Ēā¨Žਾā¨¨ 24° ā¨¸ੈਂā¨Ÿੀā¨—ā¨°ੇā¨Ą ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ, ā¨Ēā¨° ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°ੀ ā¨Žੈā¨Ļਾā¨¨ਾਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¤ਾā¨Ēā¨Žਾā¨¨ 10°–15° ā¨¸ੈਂā¨Ÿੀā¨—ā¨°ੇā¨Ą ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ। ā¨œੰā¨Žੂ ā¨•ā¨¸਼ā¨Žੀā¨° ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¤ਾā¨Ēā¨Žਾā¨¨ -45° ā¨¸ੈਂā¨Ÿੀā¨—ā¨°ੇā¨Ą ā¨¤ੱā¨• ā¨ĩੀ ā¨Ēੁੱā¨œā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:2 ā¨¸ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°ੀ ā¨Žੈā¨Ļਾā¨¨ਾਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°-ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Žੀ ā¨Žੈā¨Ļਾā¨¨ਾਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Ž ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°-ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Ž ā¨ĩੱā¨˛ੋਂ ā¨šੱā¨•ā¨°ā¨ĩਾā¨¤ ā¨†ā¨‰ਂā¨Ļੇ ā¨šā¨¨। ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨šੱā¨•ā¨°ā¨ĩਾā¨¤ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨˛ਿā¨†ā¨‰ਂā¨Ļੇ ā¨šā¨¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ēā¨šਾāŠœਾਂ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ŧā¨°ā¨Ģ ā¨Ēੈਂā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ। ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨šਾāŠœੀ ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ģā¨¸ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨˛ਾā¨­ā¨Ļਾā¨‡ā¨• ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:3 ā¨—ā¨°ā¨Žੀ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨°ੁੱā¨¤ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ļੌā¨°ਾā¨¨ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ਿā¨šāŠœੇ ā¨¤ੱā¨¤ ā¨Žੌā¨¸ā¨Ž ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨­ਾā¨ĩā¨¤ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļੇ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨—ā¨°ā¨Žੀ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨°ੁੱā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨­ੂ-ā¨Žੱā¨§ ā¨°ੇā¨–ਾ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸ੂā¨°ā¨œ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸ਿੱā¨§ੀ ā¨°ੋā¨¸਼ā¨¨ੀ, ā¨§ā¨°ā¨¤ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸ā¨Žੁੰā¨Ļā¨° ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¤ਾā¨Ēā¨Žਾā¨¨, ā¨šā¨ĩਾ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨—ā¨¤ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂ-ā¨Ļਾā¨Ŧ ā¨Žੌā¨¸ā¨Ž ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨­ਾā¨ĩā¨¤ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļੇ ā¨šā¨¨।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:4 ā¨—ā¨°ā¨Žੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨°ੁੱā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ēੰā¨œਾā¨Ŧ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨šੱā¨˛ā¨Ŗ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨•ੀ ā¨¨ਾā¨Ž ā¨šੈ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ēੰā¨œਾā¨Ŧ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨—ā¨°ā¨Žੀ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ļੌā¨°ਾā¨¨ ā¨šੱā¨˛ā¨Ŗ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ‘ā¨˛ੂ’ ā¨•ā¨šਿੰā¨Ļੇ ā¨šā¨¨। ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨Ŧā¨šੁā¨¤ ā¨—ā¨°ā¨Ž, ā¨–ੁā¨¸਼ā¨• ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¤ੇā¨œ਼ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:5 ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨•ਿā¨¸ ā¨¤ā¨°੍ā¨šਾਂ ā¨Ļਿā¨¸਼ਾ ā¨Ŧā¨Ļā¨˛ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨Žੌā¨¸ā¨Ž ā¨Ŧā¨Ļā¨˛ā¨Ŗ ‘ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ļਿā¨¸਼ਾ ā¨Ŧā¨Ļā¨˛ ā¨˛ੈਂā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨। ā¨—ā¨°ā¨Žੀ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨Ŧਾā¨…ā¨Ļ ā¨Ļੱā¨–ā¨Ŗ-ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Žੀ ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°ੀ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩੱā¨˛ ā¨šā¨˛ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°ੀ-ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Žੀ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨Ļੱā¨–ā¨Ŗ ā¨ĩੱā¨˛ ā¨ŽੁāŠœā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:6 ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨•ਿੰā¨¨ੇ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨•ਾā¨° ā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‡ā¨šā¨¨ਾਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨ĩਿā¨¸਼ੇā¨¸਼ā¨¤ਾā¨ĩਾਂ ā¨•ੀ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨Žੁੱā¨– ā¨¤ੌā¨° ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¤ਿੰā¨¨ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨•ਾā¨° ā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ:

  • ā¨¸ā¨ĩā¨šਿā¨Ŗ (convectional) ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ
  • ā¨Ēā¨°ā¨Ŧā¨¤ੀ (orographic) ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ
  • ā¨šੱā¨•ā¨°ā¨ĩਾā¨¤ੀ (cyclonic) ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ

ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨šā¨° ā¨°ੁੱā¨¤ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨­ੂ-ā¨†ā¨•ਾā¨° ā¨…ā¨¨ੁā¨¸ਾā¨° ā¨ĩੱā¨–-ā¨ĩੱā¨– ā¨Ĩਾā¨ĩਾਂ ‘ā¨¤ੇ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:7 ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ļੱā¨–ā¨Ŗ-ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Žੀ ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨•ੀ ā¨Žā¨šੱā¨¤ā¨ĩ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ļੱā¨–ā¨Ŗ-ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Žੀ ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨œੂā¨¨ ā¨Žā¨šੀā¨¨ੇ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨†ā¨‰ਂā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨। ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗ ā¨¸ā¨Žੁੰā¨Ļā¨° ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨¨ā¨Žੀ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨­ā¨°ā¨Ēੂā¨° ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ŧā¨šੁā¨¤ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨। ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨–ੇā¨¤ੀā¨ŦਾāŠœੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ā¨Ļā¨¯ੋā¨—ਾਂ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨œ਼ā¨°ੂā¨°ੀ ā¨šā¨¨।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:8 ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ļੋ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨–ਾā¨ĩਾਂ ā¨•ਿā¨šāŠœੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Ļੱā¨–ā¨Ŗ-ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Žੀ ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ļੋ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨–ਾā¨ĩਾਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨ĩੰā¨Ąੀā¨†ਂ ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨:

  • ā¨…ā¨°ā¨Ŧ ā¨¸ਾā¨—ā¨° ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨–ਾ
  • ā¨–ਾāŠœੀ ā¨Ŧੰā¨—ਾā¨˛ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨–ਾ

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:9 ā¨…ā¨°ā¨Ŧ ā¨¸ਾā¨—ā¨° ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨–ਾ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨­ਾā¨ĩ ā¨•ੀ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨…ā¨°ā¨Ŧ ā¨¸ਾā¨—ā¨° ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨–ਾ ā¨œੂā¨¨ ā¨Žā¨šੀā¨¨ੇ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ēā¨šਿā¨˛ੇ ā¨šā¨Ģ਼ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ļੱā¨–ā¨Ŗੀ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨Ēā¨šੁੰā¨šā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ। ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Žੀ ā¨˜ਾā¨Ÿ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ļੱā¨–ā¨Ŗੀ ā¨Ēā¨ ਾā¨° ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ। ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨° ā¨ĩੱā¨˛ ā¨šā¨˛ ā¨•ੇ ā¨—ੰā¨—ਾ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Žੈā¨Ļਾā¨¨ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨–ਾāŠœੀ ā¨Ŧੰā¨—ਾā¨˛ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨–ਾ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨Žਿā¨˛ ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:10 ā¨–ਾāŠœੀ ā¨Ŧੰā¨—ਾā¨˛ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨–ਾ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨­ਾā¨ĩ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°-ā¨Ēੂā¨°ā¨Ŧ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨–ਾāŠœੀ ā¨Ŧੰā¨—ਾā¨˛ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸਼ਾā¨–ਾ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°-ā¨Ēੂā¨°ā¨Ŧ ā¨ĩੱā¨˛ ā¨šā¨˛ā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨—ਾā¨°ੋ, ā¨–ਾā¨¸ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨œੈਂā¨¤ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ēā¨šਾāŠœੀā¨†ਂ ‘ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ŧā¨šੁā¨¤ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ। ā¨Žੇā¨˜ਾā¨˛ਿā¨† ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žਾā¨…ā¨¸ਿā¨¨ā¨°ā¨¸ā¨Ž ā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨¨ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸ਾā¨˛ਾā¨¨ਾ 1221 ā¨¸ੈ.ā¨Žੀ. ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨Ļā¨°ā¨œ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ ā¨—ā¨ˆ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:11 ā¨¸ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨°ੁੱā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨šੱā¨•ā¨°ā¨ĩਾā¨¤ੀ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨•ਿā¨Ĩੇ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨•ਿā¨‰ਂ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°ੀ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Žੀ ā¨ā¨¸਼ੀā¨† ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨°ੂā¨Ž ā¨¸ਾā¨—ā¨° ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨†ā¨‰ਂā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šੱā¨•ā¨°ā¨ĩਾā¨¤ਾਂ ā¨•ਾā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ। ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨Ŧā¨°ā¨Ģ਼ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ēā¨šਾāŠœਾਂ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨šਾāŠœੀ ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ģā¨¸ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨˛ਾā¨­ā¨Ļਾā¨‡ā¨• ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:12 ā¨°ੀā¨Ÿā¨°ੀā¨Ÿਿੰā¨— ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨•ਿā¨šāŠœੇ ā¨Žā¨šੀā¨¨ਿā¨†ਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨†ā¨‰ਂā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨•ਿā¨šāŠœੇ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨­ਾā¨ĩ ā¨Ēਾā¨‰ਂā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨…ā¨•ā¨¤ੂā¨Ŧā¨° ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¨ā¨ĩੰā¨Ŧā¨° ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨°ੀā¨Ÿā¨°ੀā¨Ÿਿੰā¨— ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨†ā¨‰ਂā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨। ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨§ā¨°ā¨¤ੀ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨¸ā¨Žੁੰā¨Ļā¨° ā¨ĩੱā¨˛ ā¨šੱā¨˛ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨, ā¨–ੁā¨¸਼ā¨• ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨, ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ļੱā¨–ā¨Ŗੀ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨…ā¨•ā¨¤ੂā¨Ŧā¨°-ā¨¨ā¨ĩੰā¨Ŧā¨° ā¨Žā¨šੀā¨¨ੇ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:13 ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žੌā¨¸ā¨Žੀ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨•ਿā¨¸ ā¨…ā¨¨ੁā¨¸ਾā¨° ā¨ĩੰā¨Ąਿā¨† ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨…ā¨¨ੁā¨¸ਾā¨° ā¨‡ā¨˛ਾā¨•ੇ ā¨¤ਿੰā¨¨ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨•ਾā¨° ā¨Ļੇ ā¨šā¨¨:

  • ā¨ĩੱā¨§ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੇ (ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°ੀ-ā¨Ēੂā¨°ā¨Ŧ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Žੀ ā¨˜ਾā¨Ÿ)
  • ā¨Ļā¨°ā¨Žਿā¨†ā¨¨ੀ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੇ (ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Žੀ ā¨Ŧੰā¨—ਾā¨˛, ā¨Ŧਿā¨šਾā¨°, ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°-ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨Ļੇā¨¸਼ ā¨†ā¨Ļਿ)
  • ā¨˜ੱā¨Ÿ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ŧā¨šੁā¨¤ ā¨˜ੱā¨Ÿ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੇ (ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Žੀ ā¨°ਾā¨œā¨¸ā¨Ĩਾā¨¨, ā¨˛ੱā¨Ļਾā¨– ā¨†ā¨Ļਿ)

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:14 Isotherms ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ Isohyets ā¨•ਿā¨šāŠœੇ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°:

  • Isotherms: ā¨¨ā¨•ā¨¸਼ੇ ‘ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ā¨š ā¨°ੇā¨–ਾā¨ĩਾਂ ā¨œੋ ā¨¸ā¨Žਾā¨¨ ā¨¤ਾā¨Ēā¨Žਾā¨¨ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ĩਾā¨ĩਾਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨œੋāŠœā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨।
  • Isohyets: ā¨¨ā¨•ā¨¸਼ੇ ‘ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ā¨š ā¨°ੇā¨–ਾā¨ĩਾਂ ā¨œੋ ā¨‡ā¨•ੋ ā¨œਿā¨šੀ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ĩਾā¨ĩਾਂ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Žਿā¨˛ਾā¨‰ਂā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:15 ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂ-ā¨Ļਾā¨Ŧ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨Žਾā¨Ēਿā¨† ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂ-ā¨Ļਾā¨Ŧ ā¨ā¨¨ੀā¨°ਾā¨‡ā¨Ą ā¨Ŧੈā¨°ੋā¨Žੀā¨Ÿā¨° ā¨°ਾā¨šੀਂ ā¨Žਾā¨Ēਿā¨† ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ। ā¨Ŧੈā¨°ੋā¨Žੀā¨Ÿā¨° ā¨Ļੀ ā¨§ਾā¨¤ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Ąੱā¨Ŧੀ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨šā¨ĩਾ ā¨˜ੱā¨Ÿ ā¨•ੀā¨¤ੀ ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸ā¨Ēā¨°ਿੰā¨— ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨˛ੱā¨—ੀ ā¨¸ੂā¨ˆ ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂ-ā¨Ļਾā¨Ŧ ā¨Ļā¨°ā¨¸ਾā¨‰ਂā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:16 ā¨šā¨ĩਾ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¨ā¨Žੀ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨Ēā¨¤ਾ ā¨˛ā¨—ਾā¨ˆ ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨šā¨ĩਾ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¨ā¨Žੀ ā¨¸ੁੱā¨•ੀ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨—ਿੱā¨˛ੀ ā¨—ੋā¨˛ੀ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੇ ā¨Ĩā¨°ā¨Žਾā¨Žੀā¨Ÿā¨°ਾਂ ā¨°ਾā¨šੀਂ ā¨Ēā¨¤ਾ ā¨˛ੱā¨—ā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ। ā¨‡ā¨šā¨¨ਾਂ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¤ਾā¨Ēā¨Žਾā¨¨ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨…ੰā¨¤ā¨° ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨šā¨ĩਾ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¨ā¨Žੀ ā¨¨ਾā¨Ēੀ ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:17 ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨Žਾā¨Ēā¨Ŗ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ Rain Gauge ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨¤ਿā¨† ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: Rain Gauge ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‡ੱā¨• ā¨—ੋā¨˛ ā¨Ŧā¨°ā¨¤ā¨¨ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Ŧੋā¨¤ā¨˛ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ। ā¨Ŧā¨°ā¨¤ā¨¨ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ੁੱā¨Ēੀ ā¨°ਾā¨šੀਂ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Ēਾā¨Ŗੀ ā¨‡ā¨•ੱā¨ ਾ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ। ā¨Ŧੋā¨¤ā¨˛ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨‡ā¨•ੱā¨ ਾ ā¨šੋā¨‡ā¨† ā¨Ēਾā¨Ŗੀ ā¨¸਼ੀā¨¸਼ੇ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¸ਿā¨˛ਿੰā¨Ąā¨° ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ēਾ ā¨•ੇ ā¨Žਾā¨Ēਿā¨† ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:18 ā¨šā¨ĩਾ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨°ā¨Ģ਼ā¨¤ਾā¨° ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨Žਾā¨Ēੀ ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨šā¨ĩਾ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨°ā¨Ģ਼ā¨¤ਾā¨° Anemometer ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨Žਾā¨Ēੀ ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ। ā¨šਾā¨° ā¨–ਾā¨˛ੀ ā¨•ੌā¨˛ੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨ĩਾ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨˜ੁੰā¨Žā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨, ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¸ā¨Ÿੈਂā¨Ą ‘ā¨¤ੇ ā¨˛ੱā¨—ੀ ā¨¸ੂā¨ˆ ā¨˜ੁੰā¨Ž ā¨•ੇ ā¨Žਾā¨Ē ā¨Ļā¨°ā¨¸ਾā¨‰ਂā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:19 ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Ļਿā¨¸਼ਾ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨œਾā¨Ŗੀ ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: Wind Vane (ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂ ā¨Ļਿā¨¸਼ਾ ā¨¸ੂā¨šā¨•) ā¨¨ਾā¨˛। ā¨Žੁā¨°ā¨—ੇ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸਼ā¨•ā¨˛ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ਾ ā¨¤ੀā¨° ā¨˜ੁੰā¨Ž ā¨•ੇ ā¨šā¨ĩਾ ā¨†ā¨‰ā¨Ŗ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੀ ā¨Ļਿā¨¸਼ਾ ā¨Ļā¨°ā¨¸ਾā¨‰ਂā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:20 ā¨¸ੁā¨¨ਾā¨Žੀ ā¨•ਿā¨¸ ā¨¤ā¨°੍ā¨šਾਂ ā¨Ŧā¨Ŗā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‡ā¨¸ā¨Ļਾ ā¨Žੁੱā¨– ā¨•ਾā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨•ੀ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸ੁā¨¨ਾā¨Žੀ ā¨¸ā¨Žੁੰā¨Ļā¨° ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žਾā¨°ੂ ā¨˛ā¨šਿā¨°ਾਂ ā¨šā¨¨ ā¨œੋ 400–1000 ā¨•ਿ.ā¨Žਿ./ā¨˜ੰā¨Ÿਾ ā¨°ā¨Ģ਼ā¨¤ਾā¨° ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨šੱā¨˛ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨। ā¨Žੁੱā¨– ā¨•ਾā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨­ੂā¨šਾā¨˛ ā¨œਾਂ ā¨œā¨ĩਾā¨˛ਾ ā¨Žੁੱā¨–ੀ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੇ ā¨šā¨¨।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:21 26 ā¨Ļā¨¸ੰā¨Ŧā¨° 2004 ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¸ੁā¨¨ਾā¨Žੀ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ੀ ā¨¨ੁā¨•ā¨¸ਾā¨¨ ā¨šੋā¨‡ā¨†?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨…ੰā¨Ąੇā¨Žਾā¨¨-ā¨¨ਿā¨•ੋā¨Ŧਾā¨°, ā¨¤ਾā¨Žਿā¨˛ā¨¨ਾā¨Ąੂ, ā¨†ਂā¨§ā¨°ਾ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨Ļੇā¨¸਼ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨•ੇā¨°ā¨˛ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š 10,500 ā¨˛ੋā¨• ā¨Žਾā¨°ੇ ā¨—ā¨, ā¨˛ੱā¨–ਾਂ ā¨Ŧੇ-ā¨˜ā¨° ā¨šੋā¨, ā¨Ģā¨¸ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨¤ā¨Ŧਾā¨š ā¨šੋā¨ˆā¨†ਂ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Žਾā¨˛ ā¨Ąੰā¨—ā¨° ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨¨ੁā¨•ā¨¸ਾā¨¨ ā¨Ēā¨šੁੰā¨šਾ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:22 ā¨¸ੁā¨¨ਾā¨Žੀ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨ŽਾāŠœੇ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨­ਾā¨ĩ ā¨•ੀ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°:

  • ā¨œਾā¨¨ੀ ā¨¨ੁā¨•ā¨¸ਾā¨¨
  • ā¨Žਾā¨˛ ā¨Ąੰā¨—ā¨° ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨œਾā¨¨ā¨ĩā¨°ਾਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨šਾā¨¨ੀ
  • ā¨Ģā¨¸ā¨˛ਾਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨¤ā¨Ŧਾā¨šੀ
  • ā¨†ā¨ĩਾā¨œਾā¨ˆ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨œਾā¨‡ā¨Ļਾā¨Ļ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨¨ੁā¨•ā¨¸ਾā¨¨

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:23 ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨…ੰā¨ļ ā¨•ਿੰā¨¨ਾ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨˛ā¨—ā¨­ā¨— 90% ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨•ਾā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:24 ā¨—ā¨°ā¨Žੀ ā¨ĩā¨§ā¨Ŗ ā¨¨ਾā¨˛ ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂ-ā¨Ļਾā¨Ŧ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨­ਾā¨ĩਿā¨¤ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨œਿੱā¨Ĩੇ ā¨ĩਾā¨§ੂ ā¨—ā¨°ā¨Žੀ ā¨šੋā¨ĩੇ, ā¨‰ā¨Ĩੇ ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂ-ā¨Ļਾā¨Ŧ ā¨˜ੱā¨Ÿ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:25 ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨ĩੱā¨§ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨˜ੱā¨Ÿ ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂ-ā¨Ļਾā¨Ŧ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Ļਿā¨ļਾ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨šā¨˛ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗ ā¨ĩੱā¨§ ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂ-ā¨Ļਾā¨Ŧ ā¨¤ੋਂ ā¨˜ੱā¨Ÿ ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂ-ā¨Ļਾā¨Ŧ ā¨ĩਾā¨˛ੀ ā¨Ĩਾਂ ā¨ĩੱā¨˛ ā¨šā¨˛ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:26 ā¨•ā¨°ā¨• ā¨°ੇā¨–ਾ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ਿੱā¨Ĩੇੋਂ ā¨˛ੰā¨˜ā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨•ā¨°ā¨• ā¨°ੇā¨–ਾ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Žੱā¨§ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨šੋਂ ā¨˛ੰā¨˜ā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:27 ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¸ā¨Žਾਂ ā¨•ਿā¨ĩੇਂ ā¨¨ਿā¨¸ā¨šā¨¤ ā¨¨ā¨šੀਂ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļਾ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨Žੌā¨¸ā¨Ž, ā¨¸ā¨Žੁੰā¨Ļā¨° ā¨Ļਾ ā¨¤ਾā¨Ēā¨Žਾā¨¨, ā¨šā¨ĩਾ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨Ļਿā¨¸਼ਾ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨šੱā¨•ā¨°ā¨ĩਾā¨¤ ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨¸ā¨Žਾਂ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨Žਾā¨¤ā¨°ਾ ā¨¨ੂੰ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨­ਾā¨ĩā¨¤ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļੇ ā¨šā¨¨।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:28 ā¨Ēੰā¨œਾā¨Ŧ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨¸ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨Ļੀ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨•ਿā¨¸ ā¨¤ā¨°੍ā¨šਾਂ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¸ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨šੱā¨•ā¨°ā¨ĩਾā¨¤ੀ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ, ā¨œੋ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°ੀ ā¨­ਾā¨°ā¨¤ ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Ž ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°-ā¨Ēੱā¨›ā¨Ž ā¨ĩੱā¨˛ੋਂ ā¨†ā¨‰ਂā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šੱā¨•ā¨°ā¨ĩਾā¨¤ਾਂ ā¨•ਾā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀ ā¨šੈ।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:29 ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨•ā¨Ļੋਂ ā¨…ā¨•ā¨¤ੂā¨Ŧā¨° ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨¨ā¨ĩੰā¨Ŧā¨° ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨•ā¨Žā¨œ਼ੋā¨° ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨…ā¨•ā¨¤ੂā¨Ŧā¨°-ā¨¨ā¨ĩੰā¨Ŧā¨° ā¨ĩਿੱā¨š ā¨§ā¨°ā¨¤ੀ ā¨ĩੱā¨§ ā¨—ā¨°ā¨Ž ā¨šੋā¨Ŗ ā¨•ਾā¨°ā¨¨ ā¨ĩਾā¨¯ੂ-ā¨Ļਾā¨Ŧ ā¨˜ੱā¨Ÿ ā¨šੁੰā¨Ļਾ ā¨šੈ, ā¨‡ā¨¸ ā¨˛ā¨ˆ ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗ ā¨•ā¨Žā¨œ਼ੋā¨° ā¨šੋ ā¨œਾਂā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨।

ā¨¸ā¨ĩਾā¨˛:30 ā¨°ੀā¨Ÿā¨°ੀā¨Ÿਿੰā¨— ā¨Žੌā¨¨ā¨¸ੂā¨¨ ā¨Ēੌā¨Ŗਾਂ ā¨•ਿੱā¨Ĩੇ ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨?

ā¨‰ੱā¨¤ā¨°: ā¨¤ਾā¨Žਿā¨˛ā¨¨ਾā¨Ąੂ ā¨…ā¨¤ੇ ā¨†ਂā¨§ā¨°ਾ ā¨Ē੍ā¨°ā¨Ļੇā¨¸਼ ā¨Ļੇ ā¨Ēੂā¨°ā¨Ŧੀ ā¨¤ੱā¨Ÿ ā¨¤ੇ ā¨‡ā¨š ā¨ĩā¨°ā¨–ਾ ā¨•ā¨°ā¨Ļੀā¨†ਂ ā¨šā¨¨।

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