LESSON -9

 LETTERS FROM A FATHER TO HIS DAUGHTER


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Comprehension

1. Who were the Aryans and from where did they come to India?

āφ⧰্āϝāϏāĻ•āϞ āĻ•োāύ āφāĻ›িāϞ āφ⧰ু āĻ•’ā§° āĻĒā§°া āĻ­াā§°āϤāϞৈ āφāĻšিāĻ›িāϞ?

Answer:- The Aryans were a strong fighting people who drove the Dravidians.

 They came from Central Asia to India.

āφ⧰্āϝāϏāĻ•āϞ āφāĻ›িāϞ āĻāĻ• āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āϝুঁāϜাā§°ু āϜāύāĻ—োāώ্āĻ ী āϝিāϝ়ে āĻĻ্ā§°াāĻŦিāĻĄ়āĻ• āĻ–েāĻĻিāĻ›িāϞ।

āĻŽāϧ্āϝ āĻāĻ›িāϝ়াā§° āĻĒā§°া āĻ­াā§°āϤāϞৈ āφāĻšিāĻ›িāϞ।


2. How can we find out more about the Aryans?

āφ⧰্āϝāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āφāĻŽি āĻ•েāύেāĻ•ৈ āϜাāύিāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŽ?

Answer:- We can find out more about the Aryans from our old Sanskrit books. Such as Vedas,   Puranas, Ramayana, Mahabharata.

āφāĻŽি āφāĻŽাā§° āĻĒুā§°āĻŖি āϏংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤ āĻ—্ā§°āύ্āĻĨā§° āĻĒā§°া āφ⧰্āϝāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āϜাāύিāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŽ। āϝেāύে āĻŦেāĻĻ, āĻĒুā§°াāĻŖ, ā§°াāĻŽাāϝ়āĻŖ, āĻŽāĻšাāĻ­াā§°āϤ।


3.Write about the Vedas and how they were passed on to us.

āĻŦেāĻĻā§° āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āφ⧰ু āϏেāχāĻŦোā§° āĻ•েāύেāĻ•ৈ āφāĻŽাāϞৈ āĻĒ্ā§°েā§°āĻŖ āϕ⧰া āĻš’āϞ āϏেāχ āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āϞিāĻ–া।

Answer:- Vedas were the oldest book in the world. There are four Vedas and the first veda is   the Rig veda. At first Vedas were not written. It passed through orally generation to generation. The Vedas were written in Vedic period. Veda means knowledge.

āĻŦেāĻĻ āφāĻ›িāϞ āĻĒৃāĻĨিā§ąীā§° āφāϟাāχāϤāĻ•ৈ āĻĒুā§°āĻŖি āĻ—্ā§°āύ্āĻĨ। āϚাā§°িāĻ–āύ āĻŦেāĻĻ āφ⧰ু āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦেāĻĻ āĻ‹āĻ— āĻŦেāĻĻ। āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽāϤে āĻŦেāĻĻ āϞিāĻ–া āĻšোā§ąা āύাāĻ›িāϞ। āĻŽৌāĻ–িāĻ•āĻ­াā§ąে āχ āĻĒ্ā§°āϜāύ্āĻŽā§° āĻĒā§°া āĻĒ্ā§°āϜāύ্āĻŽāϞৈ āĻĒাā§° āĻšৈ āĻ—ৈāĻ›িāϞ। āĻŦেāĻĻāϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻŦৈāĻĻিāĻ• āϝুāĻ—āϤ ā§°āϚāύা āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āĻŦেāĻĻā§° āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ āĻšৈāĻ›ে āϜ্āĻžাāύ।


4. How did cow-worship begin?

āĻ•েāύেāĻ•ৈ āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­ āĻš’āϞ āĻ—ো-āĻĒূāϜা?

Answer:-  The Aryans naturally attached a great value to agriculture. So, they valued everything that helped in agriculture. The bull and cow helped them very much in their agriculture and their daily lives, for the cow gave them milk which was valued very greatly. So, they adored cows   and sang in their praises. Long afterwards, forgetting the actual fact for the care of the cow, people started worshipping the cow.

āφ⧰্āϝ্āϝāϏāĻ•āϞে āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াā§ąিāĻ•āϤে āĻ•ৃāώিāĻ• āĻāĻ• āĻŦৃāĻšā§Ž āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে, āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āĻ•ৃāώিāϤ āϏāĻšাāϝ় āϕ⧰া āϏāĻ•āϞো āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ•ে āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āĻĻিāĻ›িāϞ। āĻŽ’āĻš āφ⧰ু āĻ—ā§°ুā§ąে āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āĻ•ৃāώি āφ⧰ু āĻĻৈāύāύ্āĻĻিāύ āϜীā§ąāύāϤ āĻŦāĻšুāϤ āϏāĻšাāϝ় āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ, āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ āĻ—াāχāϝ়ে āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•āĻ• āĻ—াāĻ–ীā§° āĻĻিāĻ›িāϞ āϝাā§° āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āĻ…āϤিāĻļāϝ় āĻŦেāĻ›ি āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে, āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āĻ—ā§°ু āφ⧰াāϧāύা āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āφ⧰ু āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻļংāϏাāϤ āĻ—াāύ āĻ—াāχāĻ›িāϞ। āĻŦāĻšুāĻĻিāύ⧰ āĻĒাāĻ›āϤ āĻ—ā§°ুā§° āϝāϤ্āύ⧰ āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤ āϏāϤ্āϝāϟো āĻĒাāĻšā§°ি āĻŽাāύুāĻšে āĻ—ā§°ুāĻ• āĻĒূāϜা āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āϧ⧰িāϞে।


5. What does the word ‘Aryan’ mean? Describe the characteristics of the Aryans.

‘āφ⧰্āϝ’ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟোā§° āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ āĻ•ি? āφ⧰্āϝāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ āĻŦā§°্āĻŖāύা āϕ⧰া।

Answer:-  The word ‘Aryan’ means a generation, a superior kind of person.

                             Some of the characteristics of the Aryans are mentioned in the below:-

i) They were a strong fighting people.

ii) They were very proud of themselves and their race.

iii) They loved freedom greatly.

‘āφ⧰্āϝ্āϝ’ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻā§° āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ āĻšৈāĻ›ে āĻāϟা āĻĒ্ā§°āϜāύ্āĻŽ, āĻāĻ• āωāϚ্āϚ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াā§°ā§° āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি।


                              āφ⧰্āϝāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻŽাāύ āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ āϤāϞāϤ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›ে:-


i) āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ• āφāĻ›িāϞ āĻāĻ• āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āϝুঁāϜাā§°ু āϜāύāĻ—োāώ্āĻ ী।


ii) āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āύিāϜāĻ•ে āφ⧰ু āύিāϜ⧰ āϜাāϤিāϟোā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻ…āϤি āĻ—ৌā§°ā§ą āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।


iii) āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāĻ• āĻŦāĻšুāϤ āĻ­াāϞ āĻĒাāχāĻ›িāϞ।


6. What rules of life did the Aryans keep, which have developed into an unhealthy system today?

āφ⧰্āϝ্āϝāϏāĻ•āϞে āϜীā§ąāύ⧰ āĻ•ি āĻ•ি āύিāϝ়āĻŽ āĻĒাāϞāύ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ, āϝিāĻŦোā§° āφāϜি āĻāĻ• āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝāϕ⧰ āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāϏ্āĻĨাāϞৈ āĻŦিāĻ•āĻļিāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›ে?

Answer:- The Aryans, being very proud of themselves were afraid of getting mixed up with other inhabitants of India. So, they made their own rules and regulations to prevent this mixture, so that Aryans could not marry others. Long afterwards, this system developed into Caste system.

āφ⧰্āϝāϏāĻ•āϞে āύিāϜāĻ•ে āĻ…āϤি āĻ—ৌā§°ā§ąাāύ্āĻŦিāϤ āĻšোā§ąাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻ­াā§°āϤ⧰ āφāύ āĻŦাāϏিāύ্āĻĻাāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āϞāĻ—āϤ āĻŽিāĻšāϞি āĻš’āĻŦāϞৈ āĻ­āϝ় āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে, āĻāχ āĻŽিāĻļ্ā§°āĻŖ ā§°োāϧ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āύিāϜ⧰ āύিāϜ⧰ āύিāϝ়āĻŽ-āύীāϤি āϤৈāϝ়াā§° āϕ⧰িāϞে, āϝাāϤে āφ⧰্āϝāϏāĻ•āϞে āφāύāĻ• āĻŦিāϝ়া āϕ⧰াāĻŦ āύোā§ąাā§°ে। āĻŦāĻšুāĻĻিāύ⧰ āĻĒাāĻ›āϤ āĻāχ āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāϏ্āĻĨাāϟো āϜাāϤি āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāϏ্āĻĨাāϞৈ āĻŦিāĻ•āĻļিāϤ āĻšāϝ়।


7. Change from Direct to Indirect speech.

āĻĒ্ā§°āϤ্āϝāĻ•্āώ⧰ āĻĒā§°া āĻĒā§°োāĻ•্āώ āĻ­াāώāĻŖāϞৈ āϏāϞāύি āϕ⧰া।

a) The scout master said, “The boys should to put up their two tents”.

āϏ্āĻ•াāωāϟ āĻŽাāώ্āϟ⧰ে āĻ•’āϞে, “āϞ’ā§°াāĻŦোā§°ে āύিāϜ⧰ āĻĻুāϟা āϟেāĻŖ্āϟ āϞāĻ—াāχ āĻĻিāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে”।

Answer:- The scout master asked the boys to put up their two tents.

āϏ্āĻ•াāωāϟ āĻŽাāώ্āϟ⧰ে āϞ’ā§°াāĻ•েāχāϟাāĻ• āϤāĻŽ্āĻŦু āĻĻুāϟা āϞāĻ—াāĻŦāϞৈ āĻ•’āϞে।

b) The airhostess said to the passengers, “ Fasten your seat belts and straighten your seat.”

 āĻāϝ়াā§°āĻš’āώ্āϟেāĻ›ে āϝাāϤ্ā§°ীāϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻ•’āϞে, “ āĻ›িāϟāĻŦেāϞ্āϟ āĻŦাāύ্āϧি āφāϏāύ āĻĒোāύ āϕ⧰āĻ•।”


Answer:- The airhostess appealed to passengers to fasten their seat belts and straighten their seat.

āĻāϝ়াā§°āĻšোāώ্āϟেāĻ›ে āϝাāϤ্ā§°ীāϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻ›িāϟāĻŦেāϞ্āϟ āĻŦাāύ্āϧি āφāϏāύ āĻĒোāύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āφāĻš্āĻŦাāύ āϜāύাāϝ়।

c) The geography teacher said, “ The Anders Range is in South America.”

āĻ­ূāĻ—োāϞ⧰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ•āϜāύে āĻ•’āϞে, “ āĻāĻŖ্āĻĄাā§°āĻ› ā§°েāĻž্āϜ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āφāĻŽেā§°িāĻ•াāϤ āφāĻ›ে।”

Answer:- The geography teacher said that the Anders Range is in South America.

āĻ­ূāĻ—োāϞ⧰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ•āϜāύে āĻ•ৈāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āĻāĻŖ্āĻĄাā§°āĻ› ā§°েāĻž্āϜ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āφāĻŽেā§°িāĻ•াāϤ āφāĻ›ে।


d) Rina assured me, “I will never divulge my secret.”

ā§°িāύাāχ āĻŽোāĻ• āφāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻĻিāϞে, “āĻŽāχ āĻŽোā§° āĻ—োāĻĒāύ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻ•েāϤিāϝ়াāĻ“ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āύāϕ⧰ো।”

Answer:- Rina assured me that she would never divulge her secret.

ā§°িāύাāχ āĻŽোāĻ• āφāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻĻিāϞে āϝে āϤাāχ āĻ•েāϤিāϝ়াāĻ“ āύিāϜ⧰ āĻ—োāĻĒāύ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āύāϕ⧰ে।


e) “All the food is cooked in the house”, said Mrs. Bora.

“āϏāĻ•āϞো āĻ–াāĻĻ্āϝ āϘ⧰āϤে ā§°āύ্āϧা āĻšāϝ়”, āĻļ্ā§°ীāĻŽāϤী āĻŦā§°াāχ āĻ•’āϞে।

Answer:- Mrs. Bora claimed that all the food was cooked in the house.

āĻļ্ā§°ীāĻŽāϤী āĻŦā§°াāχ āĻĻাāĻŦী āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϏāĻ•āϞো āĻ–াāĻĻ্āϝ āϘ⧰āϤে ā§°āύ্āϧা āĻšৈāĻ›ে।


 

Assamese Translate : Himashree Bora.

Check by - Mukesh Borah