Lesson 2 

Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom

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1. Where did the ceremonies take place? Can you name any public buildings in India that are made of sandstone?

( āĻ…āύুāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ•োāύ āĻ াāχāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ? āĻ­াā§°āϤāĻŦā§°্āώāϤ āĻļিāϞ-āĻŦাāϞিā§°ে āύিā§°্āĻŽিāϤ āϜāύāϤা āĻ­ā§ąāύ⧰ āύাāĻŽ āϞিāĻ–িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŦা āύে?)

Ans:- The ceremonies took place in the campus of the Union Building of Pretoria, which were attended by dignitaries and leaders of many nations. In India Rasthrapati Bhavan and Red Fort are public buildings that are made of sandstone.

     (āĻ…āύুāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒ্ā§°েāϟ'ā§°ি⧟াā§° āχāωāύি⧟āύ āĻŦিāϞ্āĻĄিংāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ āϝ'āϤ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻেāĻļā§° āωāϚ্āϚ āĻĒāĻĻাāϧিāĻ•াā§°ী āϤāĻĨা āύেāϤাāϏāĻ•āϞে āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্ā§°āĻšāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ­াā§°āϤāĻŦā§°্āώāϤ āĻļিāϞ-āĻŦাāϞিā§°ে āύিā§°্āĻŽিāϤ āϜāύāϤা āĻ­ā§ąāύāϟোā§° āύাāĻŽ āĻš'āϞ- ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°āĻĒāϤি āĻ­ā§ąāύ āφ⧰ু ā§°েāĻĄ āĻĢā§°্āϟ।)


2. Can you say how 10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa?

(āϤুāĻŽি āĻ•'āĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŦাāύে ā§§ā§Ļ āĻŽে'  āĻĻিāύāϟো āĻ•িāĻĻā§°ে āĻ…'āϟāĻŽāύ āĻĻে āĻšৈ āĻĒā§°িāĻ›িāϞ āĻ›াāωāĻĨ āφāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻ•া?)

Ans:- 10th May is an autumn day in Southern Africa because on that day there was the largest meeting of international leaders on Southern African Soil to establish the first democratic, non-racial government in south Africa.

     (ā§§ā§Ļ āĻŽে' āĻĻিāύāϟো āĻ›াāωāĻĨ āφāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻ•াāϤ āĻ…'āϟāĻŽāύ āĻĻে āĻšৈ āĻĒā§°িāĻ›িāϞ āĻ•ি⧟āύো āϏেāχ āĻĻিāύāϟোāϤ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻāϞ āϏংāĻ—āĻ āύ āϤāĻĨা āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻেāĻļā§° āύেāϤাāϏāĻ•āϞ āφāĻšিāĻ›িāϞ āĻ›াāωāĻĨ āφāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻ•াāϤ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻšোā§ąা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύ āϤāĻĨা āĻŦā§°্āĻŖ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝ āĻŦিā§°োāϧী āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে।)


3. At the beginning of his speech, Mandela mentions "an extraordinary human disaster". What does he mean by this? What is the "glorious ... human achievement" he speaks of at the end? 

(āĻŦāĻ•্āϤৃāϤাā§° āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŖীāϤ āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āĻŽাāĻ¨ā§ąāϤাā§° āĻĻূā§°্āĻ­াāĻ—্āϝ āĻŦুāϞি āĻ•ি⧟ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ? āφ⧰ু āĻŦāĻ•্āϤৃāϤাā§° āĻļেāώāϤ āĻ•ি⧟ āĻŽাāĻ¨ā§ąāϤাā§° āϜ⧟⧰ āĻ•āĻĨা āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ ?)

Ans:- By mentioning “an extraordinary human disaster” at the beginning of his speech, Mandela refers to the cruel practice of apartheid, that is the racial injustice endured in south Africa by the whites. The blacks were not allowed to demand freedom or any right. 

       At the end of the speech, Mandela talks about the ‘glorious human achievement’ that a black person became the President of a country where the blacks were not even considered human beings and were treated badly.


4. What does Mandela thank the international leaders for? 

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āφāύ্āϤঃā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āύেāϤাāϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻ•ি⧟ āϧāύ্āϝāĻŦাāĻĻ āϜāύাāχāĻ›িāϞ? )

Ans:- In the Oath-talking ceremony of Mandela, he felt very privilege to welcome the international leaders that day, because the south Africans were considered as outlaws before they got independent. Thus, he thanks all of them for having coming to witness the historical ceremony. This was gesture of international recognition to a newly born free democratic nation and it could be considered as a common victory for justice, peace and human dignity.

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āĻļāĻĒāϤ āĻ—্ā§°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ…āύুāώ্āĻ াāύ⧰ āĻĻিāύা āϤেāĻ–েāϤে āϏāĻ•āϞো āφāύ্āϤঃā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āύেāϤাāĻ• āφāĻĻā§°āĻŖি āϜāύাāĻŦāϞৈ āĻĒাāχ āĻ•ৃāϤāϜ্āĻžāϤা āĻ…āύুāĻ­ā§ą āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ•ি⧟āύো āϏেāχ āĻĻিāύāϟোāϤ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āφāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻ•াā§° āĻŽাāύুāĻš āϏāĻ•āϞে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϞাāĻ­ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ, āϏেāχāĻŦাāĻŦে āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϏāĻ•āϞোāĻ•ে āϧāύ্āϝāĻŦাāĻĻ āϜāύাāχāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϏāĻ•āϞো āύেāϤাāχ āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϞাāĻ­ā§° āϐāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ• āĻ•্āώāĻŖā§° āϏাāĻ•্āώী āĻšāĻŦāϞৈ āϤাāϤ āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ, āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāϝ়ে āφāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻ•াāϏāĻ•āϞে āϞাāĻ­ āϕ⧰া āύāϤুāύ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻā§°্āĻļāύ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। )


5. What ideals does he set out for the future of South Africa?

(  āύেāϞāϚāύ āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āφāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻ•াā§° āĻ­ā§ąিāώ্āϝāϤ⧰ āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻ•ি āϧ⧰āύ⧰ āφāĻĻā§°্āĻļ āĻĻাāĻ™ি āϧ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ? )

Ans:- Nelson Mandela set the ideals of liberating people from bondage of poverty, deprivation and suffering. He also set the ideal for a society where there would be no discrimination on basic of colour or gender.

( āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āφāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻ•াā§°  āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞা āĻāϜāύ āφāĻĻā§°্āĻļāĻŦাāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āφাāĻ›িāϞ āϝিāϝ়ে āύিāω āĻĻেāĻļā§° āϞোāĻ•āϏāϞāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ, āĻŦāĻž্āϚāύা āϝāύ্āϤ্ā§°āĻŖা āφāĻĻিā§° āĻĒā§°া āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϏāĻŽাāϜ⧰ āĻŦাāĻŦেāĻ“ āĻāĻ• āύিāĻĻā§°্āĻļāύ āĻĻাāĻ™ি āϧ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āϝāϤ āĻŦā§°্āĻŖ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āϞিংāĻ— āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāϤ āϏāĻŽাāϜāϤ āĻ•োāύো āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝ āύাāĻĨাāĻ•িāĻŦ )


 Oral Comprehension Check 

1. What do the military generals do? How has their attitude changed, and why? 

(  āĻŽিāϞিāϟাā§°ী āϜেāύেā§°েāϞ āĻŦিāϞাāĻ•ে āĻ•ি āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ? āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āĻ­াāĻŦāϧাā§°া āĻ•িāĻĻā§°ে āϏāϞāύি āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ āφ⧰ু āĻ•ি⧟? )

Ans:- The highest military generals of the south African defense force and police saluted Mandela and pledged their loyalty. Their attitude had changed towards the blacks. They started saluting them instead of arresting them.

( āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āφāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻ•াā§° āĻŽিāϞিāϟাā§°ী āϜেāύেā§°েāϞ āϤāĻĨা āĻĒুāϞিāϚ āϏāĻ•āϞে āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āύিāϜ⧰ āφāύুāĻ—āϤ্āϝ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰ি āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­িāĻŦাāĻĻāύ āϜāύাāχāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āĻ­াāĻŦāϧাā§°া āĻ•ৃāώ্āĻŖাংāĻ— āϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āϏāϞāύি āĻšৈ āĻ—ৈāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ•ৃāώ্āĻŖাংāĻ— āϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻļোāώāĻŖ āϕ⧰াā§° āĻĒā§°িā§ąā§°্āϤে āύāĻŽāϏ্āĻ•াā§° āϜāύাāĻŦāϞৈ āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে। )


2. Why were two national anthems sung? 

( āĻĻুāϟা ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āϏংāĻ—ীāϤ āĻ•ি⧟ āĻ—োā§ąা āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ? )

Ans:- Two national anthems were sung on the day of inauguration, one by the whites and the other by the blacks. It symbolized the equality of blacks and whites.

( āωāĻĻ্āĻŦোāϧāύী āĻ…āύুāώ্āĻ াāύ⧰ āĻĻিāύা āĻĻুāϟা ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āϏংāĻ—ীāϤ āĻĒā§°িāĻŦেāĻļāύ āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāϟা āĻ—ীāϤ āĻĒā§°িāĻŦেāĻļāύ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āĻ•ৃāώ্āĻŖাংāĻ— āϏāĻ•āϞে āφ⧰ু āφāύāϟো āĻļ্āĻŦেāϤাংāĻ— āϏāĻ•āϞে। āĻāχ āĻ…āύুāώ্āĻ াāύে āϏāĻ•োāϞোā§°ে āĻŽাāϜāϤ āĻĨāĻ•া āϏāĻŽāϤাā§° āĻ•āĻĨা āϏূāϚাāϝ়āĻ›িāϞ।)


3. How does Mandela describe the systems of government in his country 

(i) in the first decade, and (ii) in the final decade, of the twentieth century? 

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āĻ•িāĻĻā§°ে āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ী āĻ•াā§°্āϝāĻ•āϞাāĻĒā§° āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ–্āϝা āφāĻ—āĻŦā§াāχāĻ›িāϞ?āĻŦিংāĻļ āĻļāϤিāĻ•াā§° (i)āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•āϤ āφ⧰ু (ii) āĻļেāώ⧰ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•āϤ । )

Ans:- The systems of government described by Mandela are given below---

(i) In the first decade of the twentieth century, the white – skinned people of south Africa patched up their differences and create a system free of racial domination.

(ii) In the last decade of twentieth century, the previous system had been overturned forever and replaced by one that recognized the rights and freedom of all people, regardless of their colour and skin.

āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ী āĻ•াā§°্āϝāĻ•āϞাāĻĒ āϤāϞāϤ āĻĻি⧟াāϧ⧰āĻŖে āφāĻ—āĻŦā§াāχāĻ›িāϞ-:

(i) āĻŦিংāĻļ āĻļāϤিāĻ•াā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•āϤ āĻļ্āĻŦেāϤাংāĻ— āϏāĻ•āϞে āύিāϜ⧰ āĻŽāύāϤ āĻĨāĻ•া āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝāϤা āύাāχāĻ•ি⧟া āϕ⧰ি āĻŦā§°্āĻŖ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝāĻšীāύ āϏāĻŽাāϜ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāώ্āĻ া āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—িāĻŦ।

(ii) āĻļেāώ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•āϤ āĻĒূā§°্āĻŦā§° āύি⧟āĻŽ āύাāχāĻ•ি⧟া āϕ⧰ি āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝāĻšীāύ āϏāĻŽাāϜ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāώ্āĻ া āϕ⧰া āϞāĻ—āϤে āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§° āĻŽাāϜāϤ āϏāĻŽāϤা āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—িāĻŦ।


4. What does courage mean to Mandela? 

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে āϏাāĻšāϏ⧰ āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ āĻ•ি? )

Ans:- According to Mandela, courage does not mean the absence of fear but a victory over fear. He believes that brave men need not be fearless but should be able to conquer fear.

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে āϏাāĻšāϏ⧰ āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ āĻ­āϝ়ā§° āĻ…āύুāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āύāĻšā§Ÿ, āĻŦā§°ং āĻ­āϝ়ā§° āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āϜāϝ় āϞাāĻ­ āĻšে āĻšā§Ÿ। āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϏাāĻšāϏী āĻŽাāύুāĻš āύিā§°্āĻ­āϝ় āĻšোā§ąাā§° āĻĒ্⧰⧟োāϜāύ āύāĻšā§Ÿ, āĻĒā§°িā§ąā§°্āϤে āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āĻ­āϝ়ā§° āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āϜāϝ় āϞাāĻ­ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে )


5. Which does he think is natural, to love or to hate?

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে āĻ•ি āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াā§ąিāĻ• āĻĒ্ā§°েāĻŽ āύে āϘৃāĻŖা? )

Ans:- For Mandela, love comes more naturally to the human heart then hate.

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে, āĻĒ্ā§°েāĻŽ āφ⧰ু āϘৃāĻŖাā§° āĻŽাāϜāϤ āĻĒ্ā§°েāĻŽে āĻŽাāĻ¨ā§ą āĻšৃāĻĻāϝ়āϤ āϏāĻšāϜে āϏ্āĻšাāύ āĻĒাāχ। )


 Oral Comprehension Check 

1. What "twin obligations" does Mandela mention? 

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āϟুāχāύ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϞিāĻ—েāĻ›āύ⧰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻ•ি⧟ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ? )

Ans:- Mandela believes that every man has twin obligations. The first is to his family, parents, wife and children, the second obligation is to his people, his community and his country.

 ( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āĻĒ্ā§°āϤ্āϝেāĻ• āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§°ে āĻĻুāϟা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤি āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽāϤে āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āύিāϜ⧰ āĻĒā§°ি⧟াāϞ⧰ āĻĒিāϤৃ-āĻŽাāϤৃ, āĻĒāϤ্āύী āϤāĻĨা āϏāύ্āϤাāύ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻĻা⧟িāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĒাāϞāύ āϕ⧰ে,āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা āύিāϜ⧰ āĻŽাāύুāĻš,āύিāϜ⧰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻা⧟ āϤāĻĨা āύিāϜ⧰ āĻĻেāĻļā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻĨাāĻ•ে।)


2. What did being free mean to Mandela as a boy, and as a student? How does he contrast these "transitory freedoms" with "the basic and honourable freedoms"? 

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে āĻŽুāĻ•āϞি āĻšৈ āĻĨāĻ•া āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ āϞ⧰া āφ⧰ু āĻ›াāϤ্ā§° āĻšিāϚাāĻĒে āĻ•ি āĻšā§Ÿ?āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ•্āώāĻŖāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ী āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāĻ• āĻ•িāĻĻā§°ে āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āφ⧰ু āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāĻ• āĻ•িāĻĻā§°ে āĻŦেāϞেāĻ— āĻŦেāϞেāĻ— āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ? )

Ans:- Like other kids, Mandala freedom mean to make merry and enjoy the blissful life. Once one becomes an adults, the memories of childhood looks like transitory because most of the childish activities are wasteful from an adult, you have to earn a livelihood to feed your family. Its only then when you get an honorable existence in the family and society.

( āφāύ āϏāĻ•āϞো āϞ⧰া āĻ›োā§ąাāϞী āĻĻā§°ে,āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ āĻšāϞ āφāύāύ্āĻĻ āωāϞ্āϞাāϏ āϕ⧰ি āϜীā§ąāύ āωāĻĒāĻ­োāĻ— āϕ⧰া,āĻ•িāύ্āϤ āĻāĻŦাā§° āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻšোā§ąা āϞāĻ—ে āϞāĻ—ে āϞ⧰াāϞিā§° āϏ্āĻŽৃāϤি āĻŦোā§° āĻ•্āώāĻŖāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ী  āϝেāύ āĻšৈ āĻĒā§°ে āĻ•ি⧟āύো āϏ⧰ুāϤে āϕ⧰া āĻ•াāĻŽ āĻŦোā§° āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻšোā§ąাā§° āĻĒাāĻ›āϤ āĻ•েāϤি⧟াāĻŦা āĻ­ুāϞ āϝেāύ āĻ…āύুāĻ­ā§ą āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻšোā§ąা āĻĒাāĻ›āϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤ্āϝেāĻ•ে āύিāϜ⧰ āĻĒā§°ি⧟াāϞ āĻĻিāĻŦāϞৈ āϏ্āĻŦাā§ąāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦী āĻšāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে।āφ⧰ু āĻāĻ‡ā§Ÿা āϤেāϤি⧟াāχ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­ā§ą āϝেāϤি⧟া āϏāĻŽাāϜ āφ⧰ু āĻĒā§°ি⧟াāϞāϤ āωāĻĒāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒোā§ąা āϝা⧟। )


3. Does Mandela think the oppressor is free? Why/Why not.

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে āĻ…āϤ্āϝাāϚাā§°ী āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻŦোā§° āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āύে?āϝāĻĻি āύāĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•ি⧟ āύāĻšā§Ÿ? )

Ans:-  According to Mandela, an oppressor is a victim of hatred who is behind the bars of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. He realises that both the oppressor and the oppressed are robbed of their humanity and peace.

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻ…āύুāϏ⧰ি āĻ…āϤ্āϝাāϚাā§°ীāĻŦিāϞাāĻ• āϘৃāĻŖাā§° āĻŦāϞি āϝি⧟ে āĻĒāĻ•্āώāĻĒাāϤ āϤāĻĨা āϏংāĻ•ীāύ āĻŽāύ⧰ āφঁā§°ā§° āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি,āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ…āύুāĻ­ā§ą āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āĻ…āϤ্āϝাāϚাā§° āϕ⧰া āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻŦোā§° āφ⧰ু āĻ…āϤ্āϝাāϚাā§°ā§° āĻŦāϞি āĻšোā§ąা āϏāĻ•āϞোā§ąে āĻŽাāĻ¨ā§ąāϤা āφ⧰ু āĻļাāύ্āϤি āĻĒā§°া āĻŦāĻž্āϚিāϤ। )


 Thinking about the Text 

1. Why did such a large number of international leaders attend the inauguration? What did it signify the triumph of? 

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে āĻ…āϤ্āϝাāϚাā§°ী āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻŦোā§° āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āύে?āϝāĻĻি āύāĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•ি⧟ āύāĻšā§Ÿ? )

Ans:-  By attending the inauguration ceremony the international leaders showed a gesture of solidarity from international community to the idea of end of apartheid. It was the significance of the victory of good over evil and triumph of a tolerant society without any discrimination.

( āφāύ্āϤঃā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ী⧟ āύেāϤাāϏāĻ•āϞে āωāĻĻ্āϧোāϧāύি āĻ…āύুāώ্āĻ াāύāϤ āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ি āϏেāχ āĻĻেāĻļāϤ āĻ…āύ্āϤ āĻĒā§°া āĻŦā§°্āĻŖāĻŦাāĻĻā§° āĻŦিāĻĒā§°ীāϤে āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻšোā§ąা āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āϐāĻ•্āϝ āϤāĻĨা āϏংāĻšāϤি āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻā§°্āĻļāύ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ,āĻ‡ā§Ÿাā§° āϤাā§ŽāĻĒā§°্āϝ্āϝ āφāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āĻŦে⧟াā§° āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āĻšোā§ąা āĻ­াāϞ āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§° āĻŦিāϜ⧟,āϝāϤে āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝāϤাā§° āĻ•োāύো āϏ্āĻĨাāύāύাāχ। )


2. What does Mandela mean when he says he is "simply the sum of all those African patriots" who had gone before him? 

( "āĻŽāχ āφāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻ•াāύ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি āϝুঁāϜাā§°োāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞ" āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āĻ•ি⧟ āĻāχāώাā§° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻ•ৈāĻ›িāϞ?āφ⧰ু āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻĒূā§°্āĻŦে āĻ•াā§° āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ? )

Ans:- When Mandela says he is simply the sum of all those African patriots, he actually wants to pay tribute to all the people who have sacrificed their lives for the sake of freedom. He say that he is grateful to the patriots who had gone before him because they were the real heroes who paved the path of co-operation and unity for him.

( āĻŽāχ āφāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻ•াāύ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϝুঁāϜাā§°ো āϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻĨাāώাā§° āϜ⧰ি⧟āϤে āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āĻļ্ā§°āĻĻ্āϧা āϜ্āĻžাāĻĒāύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻŦিāϚাā§°িāĻ›িāϞ, āϏেāχāϏāĻ•āϞ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি⧟ে āύিāϜ āĻĻেāĻļā§° āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāĻŦā§°āĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ,āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϏেāχāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻ•ৃāϤāϜ্āĻž āφāĻ›িāϞ āĻ•ি⧟āύো āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ• āφāĻ›িāϞ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤ āύা⧟āĻ• āϝি⧟ে āĻĻেāĻļā§° āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϤāĻĨা āĻāĻ•āϤাā§° āĻŦাāϟ āĻŽুāĻ•āϞি āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। )


3. Would you agree that the "depths of oppression" create "heights of character"? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own examples to this argument? 

( .āϤুāĻŽি āĻāĻ•āĻŽāϤ āύে āϝে āĻļোāώāĻŖā§° āĻŦāϞি āĻšোā§ąা āϞোāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞ āϚাā§°িāϤ্ā§°িāĻ• āĻĒā§°িā§ąā§°্āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āύে? āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āĻāχ āĻŦিāώ⧟ে āĻ•িāĻĻā§°ে āĻŦাāĻ–্āϝা āφāĻ—āĻŦā§াāχāĻ›ে ?āϤুāĻŽি āύিāϜ⧰ āĻŽāϤাāĻŽāϤ āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖāϏāĻš āφāĻ—āĻŦā§োā§ąা। )

Ans:- I agree with the statement that depths of oppression create heights of character. Nelson Mandela illustrates this by giving examples of great heroes of South Africa like Oliver Tomb, Walter Sisulu and others who were inspired to sacrifice their lives in the long freedom struggle. India is full of such examples, during our freedom struggle there was a galaxy of leaders of great characters and the oppression of British rule created and encouraged people of noble characters like Mahatma Gandhi, Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawahar Lal Nehru and many more. If we compare them with the quality of political leaders India is having today, them Nelson Mandela seems to be absolutely right.

( āĻŽāχ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāϤ āϝে āĻļোāώāĻŖā§° āĻŦāϞি āĻšোā§ąা āϞোāϕ⧰ āϚাā§°িāϤ্ā§°িāĻ• āĻĒā§°িā§ąā§°্āϤāύ āϘāϟে।āĻāχ āĻŦিāώ⧟ে āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāύ āφāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻ•াā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤ āύা⧟āĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖ āĻĻাāĻ™ি āϧ⧰িāĻ›ে।āϤেāĻ–েāϤে āĻ…āϞিāĻ­াā§° āϤāĻŽ্āĻŦ,ā§ąাāϞ্āϟাā§° āϚিāϚুāύু āφāĻĻি āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিā§° āύাāĻŽ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āϕ⧰িāĻ›ে āϝি⧟ে āĻĻেāĻļā§° āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖ āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।āĻ­াā§°āϤāĻŦā§°্āώāϟো āϤেāύে āĻŦāĻšু āϏংāĻ—্ā§°াāĻŽী āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি āϝুঁāϜাā§°ু āφāĻ›িāϞ,āϝি⧟ে āĻĻেāĻļāĻŽাāϤৃāĻ• āĻŦৃāϟিāϛ⧰ āĻ•āĻŦāϞ⧰ ā§°āĻ•্āώা āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖ āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।āϏেāχ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি āϝুঁāϜাā§°োāϏāĻ•āϞ āĻšāϞ āĻŽāĻšাāϤ্āĻŽা āĻ—াāύ্āϧী, āϞাāϞা ā§°াāϜāĻĒāϤ ā§°া⧟,āĻœā§ąাāĻšā§°āϞাāϞ āύেāĻšā§°ু āφāĻĻি,āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ–্āϝা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒুā§°্āĻŖ ā§°ূāĻĒে āϏāϤ্āϝ āĻŦুāϞিāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°ি āϝেāϤি⧟া āφāĻŽি āĻ­াā§°āϤ⧰ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি āϝুঁāϜাā§°ুāϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻŦিāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖ āϕ⧰ি āϚাāĻ“ঁ। )


4. How did Mandela's understanding of freedom change with age and experience? 

( āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻĨāĻ•া āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āϧাā§°āĻŖা āĻŦ⧟āϏ āφ⧰ু āĻ…āĻ­িāϜ্āĻžāϤাā§° āϏৈāϤে āĻ•েāύেāĻĻā§°ে āϏāϞāύি āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ? )

Ans:- Mandela understood the real meaning of freedom with age and experience. As a young boy. He thought that he was born free and believed that as long as he obeyed his father and abided by the customs of his tribe, he was free in every possible way. As he grew older, freedom meaning has changed for him. Now he needs freedom to raise a family, freedom to earn livelihood. Gradually he realized that he was selfish during his boyhood. He slowly understood that it was not just his freedom that was being wrtailed, but the freedom of all blacks. It was the freedom from fear and prejudice. Age and experience widened his perspective of freedom.

( āĻŦ⧟āϏ āϤāĻĨা āĻ…āĻ­িāϜ্āĻžāϤাāĻĒুāώ্āϟ āĻšোā§ąাā§° āϞāĻ—ে āϞāĻ—ে āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻ­াāϞāĻĻā§°ে āĻŦুāϜি āωāĻ িāĻ›িāϞ।āϞ⧰াāϞি āĻ•াāϞāϤ āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϝিāĻšেāϤু āϜāύ্āĻŽāϤেāχ āφāĻŽি āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāĻ­াā§ąে āϞāĻ­িāĻ›ে āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে āύিāϜ⧰ āĻĒিāϤৃ āϤāĻĨা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻা⧟⧰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŽাāύি āϚāϞিāϞেāχ āύিāϜ⧰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āωāĻĒāĻ­োāĻ— āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŽ।āĻ•িāύ্āϤ āĻŦ⧟āϏ āĻŦাā§ি āϝোā§ąাā§° āϞāĻ—ে āϞāĻ—ে āϤেঁāĻ“ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦ্āϧি āϕ⧰িāϞে āϝে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤ āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ āĻŦāĻšুāϤ āĻŦেāϞেāĻ—,āĻāϤি⧟া āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦāϤāύ্āϤা āϞাāĻ—ে āύিāϜ⧰ āĻĒā§°ি⧟াāϞāĻ• āϚোā§ąাāϚিāϤা āϕ⧰িāĻŦā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āϏ⧰ুāϤে āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻŦāĻšুāϤ āϏ্āĻŦাā§°্āĻĨāĻĒā§° āφāĻ›িāϞ āϝেāύ āĻ…āύুāĻ­ā§ą āĻšāϞ āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻŦুāϜিāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāϞে āϝে āĻ…āĻ•āϞ āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāχ āĻ–ā§°্āĻŦ āĻšোā§ąা āύাāχ,āĻŦā§°ং āϏāĻŽāĻ—্ā§° āĻ•ৃāώ্āĻŖাāĻ™্āĻ— āϏāĻ•āϞে āĻļোāώāĻŖā§° āĻŦāϞি āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ,āϜ⧟⧰ āĻĒā§°া āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি āϞাāĻ­ āϤāĻĨা āĻāĻ•āϤাā§° āĻŦā§°্āϤāĻŽাāύ āϏ্āĻŦāϤāύ্āϤ্ā§°āϤাā§° āĻĒ্⧰⧟োāϜāύ, āĻŦ⧟āϏ āϤāĻĨা āĻ…āĻ­িāϜ্āĻžāϤাāχ āϤেāĻ–েāϤ⧰ āϚিāύ্āϤাā§° āĻĒā§°িāϏ⧰ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। )


5. How did Mandela's 'hunger for freedom' change his life?

( ."āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻŽুāϧাāχ"āĻ•িāĻĻā§°ে āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āϜীā§ąāύ āϏāϞāύি āϕ⧰ি āĻĒেāϞাāϞে? )

Ans:- Mandela realized that it was not only his freedom that was being curtailed, but the freedom of all blacks. Then it changed fearful Mandela to a fearless rebel. He sacrificed the comforts of a settled family life to fight for a greater cause. He joined the African National Congrees and this changed him from a frightened young man into a bold one who fought against racial prejudice.

( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāχ āĻŦুāϜি āωāĻ িāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϤেāĻ“ঁā§°েāχ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻ–ā§°্āĻŦ āĻšোā§ąা āύাāĻ›িāϞ,āĻŦā§°āĻž্āϚ āϏāĻŽāĻ—্ā§° āĻ•ৃāώ্āĻŖাāĻ™্āĻ— āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻা⧟ে āĻŦāĻž্āϚিāϤ āĻšāĻŦ āϞāĻ—া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ,āĻāχ āĻ•āĻĨাāχ āϭ⧟াāϤুā§° āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ• āĻāϜāύ āύিā§°্āĻ­ীāϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāĻŦাāĻĻী āĻ•āύ্āĻ āϞৈ āĻĒā§°িā§ąā§°্āϤিāϤ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।āϤেāĻ–েāϤে āύিāϜ⧰ āφ⧰াāĻŽāĻĻা⧟āĻ• āϜীā§ąāύ āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āϕ⧰ি āϏংāĻ—্ā§°াāĻŽ āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­ āϕ⧰িāϞে āύিāϜ⧰ āĻĻেāĻļā§° āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি ā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে,āϤেāĻ“ঁ āφāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻ•াāύ āύেāϚāύেāϞ āĻ•ংāĻ—্ā§°েāĻ›āϤ āϝোāĻ— āĻĻি āĻŦā§°্āĻŖ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝ āĻŦিā§°োāϧী āϝুঁāϜāϤ āĻ…ā§ąā§°্āϤীāύ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। )





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Angamita Dutta

(M.A in English)


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