Lesson 2
Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
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1. Where did the ceremonies take place? Can you name any public buildings in India that are made of sandstone?
( āĻ āύুāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻোāύ āĻ াāĻāϤ āĻšৈāĻিāϞ? āĻাā§°āϤāĻŦā§°্āώāϤ āĻļিāϞ-āĻŦাāϞিā§°ে āύিā§°্āĻŽিāϤ āĻāύāϤা āĻā§ąāύ⧰ āύাāĻŽ āϞিāĻিāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŦা āύে?)
Ans:- The ceremonies took place in the campus of the Union Building of Pretoria, which were attended by dignitaries and leaders of many nations. In India Rasthrapati Bhavan and Red Fort are public buildings that are made of sandstone.
(āĻ āύুāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒ্ā§°েāĻ'ā§°িā§াā§° āĻāĻāύিā§āύ āĻŦিāϞ্āĻĄিংāϤ āĻšৈāĻিāϞ āϝ'āϤ āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻĻেāĻļā§° āĻāĻ্āĻ āĻĒāĻĻাāϧিāĻাā§°ী āϤāĻĨা āύেāϤাāϏāĻāϞে āĻ ংāĻļāĻ্ā§°āĻšāĻŖ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ। āĻাā§°āϤāĻŦā§°্āώāϤ āĻļিāϞ-āĻŦাāϞিā§°ে āύিā§°্āĻŽিāϤ āĻāύāϤা āĻā§ąāύāĻোā§° āύাāĻŽ āĻš'āϞ- ā§°াāώ্āĻ্ā§°āĻĒāϤি āĻā§ąāύ āĻā§°ু ā§°েāĻĄ āĻĢā§°্āĻ।)
2. Can you say how 10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa?
(āϤুāĻŽি āĻ'āĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŦাāύে ā§§ā§Ļ āĻŽে' āĻĻিāύāĻো āĻিāĻĻā§°ে āĻ 'āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻে āĻšৈ āĻĒā§°িāĻিāϞ āĻাāĻāĻĨ āĻāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻা?)
Ans:- 10th May is an autumn day in Southern Africa because on that day there was the largest meeting of international leaders on Southern African Soil to establish the first democratic, non-racial government in south Africa.
(ā§§ā§Ļ āĻŽে' āĻĻিāύāĻো āĻাāĻāĻĨ āĻāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻাāϤ āĻ 'āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻে āĻšৈ āĻĒā§°িāĻিāϞ āĻিā§āύো āϏেāĻ āĻĻিāύāĻোāϤ āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻĻāϞ āϏংāĻāĻ āύ āϤāĻĨা āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻĻেāĻļā§° āύেāϤাāϏāĻāϞ āĻāĻšিāĻিāϞ āĻাāĻāĻĨ āĻāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻাāϤ āĻāĻ āύ āĻšোā§ąা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύ āϤāĻĨা āĻŦā§°্āĻŖ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝ āĻŦিā§°োāϧী āĻā§°āĻাā§°ā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে।)
3. At the beginning of his speech, Mandela mentions "an extraordinary human disaster". What does he mean by this? What is the "glorious ... human achievement" he speaks of at the end?
(āĻŦāĻ্āϤৃāϤাā§° āĻā§°āĻŽ্āĻāĻŖীāϤ āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻŽাāĻ¨ā§ąāϤাā§° āĻĻূā§°্āĻাāĻ্āϝ āĻŦুāϞি āĻিā§ āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ? āĻā§°ু āĻŦāĻ্āϤৃāϤাā§° āĻļেāώāϤ āĻিā§ āĻŽাāĻ¨ā§ąāϤাā§° āĻā§ā§° āĻāĻĨা āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ ?)
Ans:- By mentioning “an extraordinary human disaster” at the beginning of his speech, Mandela refers to the cruel practice of apartheid, that is the racial injustice endured in south Africa by the whites. The blacks were not allowed to demand freedom or any right.
At the end of the speech, Mandela talks about the ‘glorious human achievement’ that a black person became the President of a country where the blacks were not even considered human beings and were treated badly.
4. What does Mandela thank the international leaders for?
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻāύ্āϤঃā§°াāώ্āĻ্ā§°ীāϝ় āύেāϤাāϏāĻāϞāĻ āĻিā§ āϧāύ্āϝāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻāύাāĻāĻিāϞ? )
Ans:- In the Oath-talking ceremony of Mandela, he felt very privilege to welcome the international leaders that day, because the south Africans were considered as outlaws before they got independent. Thus, he thanks all of them for having coming to witness the historical ceremony. This was gesture of international recognition to a newly born free democratic nation and it could be considered as a common victory for justice, peace and human dignity.
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻļāĻĒāϤ āĻ্ā§°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ āύুāώ্āĻ াāύ⧰ āĻĻিāύা āϤেāĻেāϤে āϏāĻāϞো āĻāύ্āϤঃā§°াāώ্āĻ্ā§°ীāϝ় āύেāϤাāĻ āĻāĻĻā§°āĻŖি āĻāύাāĻŦāϞৈ āĻĒাāĻ āĻৃāϤāĻ্āĻāϤা āĻ āύুāĻā§ą āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ। āĻিā§āύো āϏেāĻ āĻĻিāύāĻোāϤ āĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖ āĻāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻাā§° āĻŽাāύুāĻš āϏāĻāϞে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϞাāĻ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ, āϏেāĻāĻŦাāĻŦে āϤেāĻঁ āϏāĻāϞোāĻে āϧāύ্āϝāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻāύাāĻāĻিāϞ āϝে āϏāĻāϞো āύেāϤাāĻ āϤেāĻঁāϞোāĻā§° āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϞাāĻā§° āĻāϤিāĻšাāϏিāĻ āĻ্āώāĻŖā§° āϏাāĻ্āώী āĻšāĻŦāϞৈ āϤাāϤ āĻāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻšৈāĻিāϞ, āϤেāĻঁāϞোāĻā§° āĻāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāϝ়ে āĻāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻাāϏāĻāϞে āϞাāĻ āĻā§°া āύāϤুāύ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻā§°্āĻļāύ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ। )
5. What ideals does he set out for the future of South Africa?
( āύেāϞāĻāύ āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖ āĻāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻাā§° āĻā§ąিāώ্āϝāϤ⧰ āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻি āϧ⧰āύ⧰ āĻāĻĻā§°্āĻļ āĻĻাāĻি āϧ⧰িāĻিāϞ? )
Ans:- Nelson Mandela set the ideals of liberating people from bondage of poverty, deprivation and suffering. He also set the ideal for a society where there would be no discrimination on basic of colour or gender.
( āĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖ āĻāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞা āĻāĻāύ āĻāĻĻā§°্āĻļāĻŦাāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤি āĻাāĻিāϞ āϝিāϝ়ে āύিāĻ āĻĻেāĻļā§° āϞোāĻāϏāϞāĻ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ, āĻŦāĻ্āĻāύা āϝāύ্āϤ্ā§°āĻŖা āĻāĻĻিā§° āĻĒā§°া āĻŽুāĻ্āϤি āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ। āϤেāĻঁ āϏāĻŽাāĻā§° āĻŦাāĻŦেāĻ āĻāĻ āύিāĻĻā§°্āĻļāύ āĻĻাāĻি āϧ⧰িāĻিāϞ āϝāϤ āĻŦā§°্āĻŖ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦা āϞিংāĻ āĻিāϤ্āϤিāϤ āϏāĻŽাāĻāϤ āĻোāύো āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝ āύাāĻĨাāĻিāĻŦ )
Oral Comprehension Check
1. What do the military generals do? How has their attitude changed, and why?
( āĻŽিāϞিāĻাā§°ী āĻেāύেā§°েāϞ āĻŦিāϞাāĻে āĻি āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ? āϤেāĻঁāϞোāĻā§° āĻাāĻŦāϧাā§°া āĻিāĻĻā§°ে āϏāϞāύি āĻšৈāĻিāϞ āĻā§°ু āĻিā§? )
Ans:- The highest military generals of the south African defense force and police saluted Mandela and pledged their loyalty. Their attitude had changed towards the blacks. They started saluting them instead of arresting them.
( āĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖ āĻāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻাā§° āĻŽিāϞিāĻাā§°ী āĻেāύেā§°েāϞ āϤāĻĨা āĻĒুāϞিāĻ āϏāĻāϞে āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āύিāĻā§° āĻāύুāĻāϤ্āϝ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻাāĻļ āĻā§°ি āϤেāĻঁāĻ āĻ āĻিāĻŦাāĻĻāύ āĻāύাāĻāĻিāϞ। āϤেāĻঁāϞোāĻā§° āĻাāĻŦāϧাā§°া āĻৃāώ্āĻŖাংāĻ āϏāĻāϞ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āϏāϞāύি āĻšৈ āĻৈāĻিāϞ। āĻৃāώ্āĻŖাংāĻ āϏāĻāϞāĻ āĻļোāώāĻŖ āĻā§°াā§° āĻĒā§°িā§ąā§°্āϤে āύāĻŽāϏ্āĻাā§° āĻāύাāĻŦāϞৈ āĻā§°āĻŽ্āĻ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ āϤেāĻঁāϞোāĻে। )
2. Why were two national anthems sung?
( āĻĻুāĻা ā§°াāώ্āĻ্ā§°ীāϝ় āϏংāĻীāϤ āĻিā§ āĻোā§ąা āĻšৈāĻিāϞ? )
Ans:- Two national anthems were sung on the day of inauguration, one by the whites and the other by the blacks. It symbolized the equality of blacks and whites.
( āĻāĻĻ্āĻŦোāϧāύী āĻ āύুāώ্āĻ াāύ⧰ āĻĻিāύা āĻĻুāĻা ā§°াāώ্āĻ্ā§°ীāϝ় āϏংāĻীāϤ āĻĒā§°িāĻŦেāĻļāύ āĻā§°া āĻšৈāĻিāϞ। āĻāĻা āĻীāϤ āĻĒā§°িāĻŦেāĻļāύ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ āĻৃāώ্āĻŖাংāĻ āϏāĻāϞে āĻā§°ু āĻāύāĻো āĻļ্āĻŦেāϤাংāĻ āϏāĻāϞে। āĻāĻ āĻ āύুāώ্āĻ াāύে āϏāĻোāϞোā§°ে āĻŽাāĻāϤ āĻĨāĻা āϏāĻŽāϤাā§° āĻāĻĨা āϏূāĻাāϝ়āĻিāϞ।)
3. How does Mandela describe the systems of government in his country
(i) in the first decade, and (ii) in the final decade, of the twentieth century?
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻিāĻĻā§°ে āĻā§°āĻাā§°ী āĻাā§°্āϝāĻāϞাāĻĒā§° āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ্āϝা āĻāĻāĻŦā§াāĻāĻিāϞ?āĻŦিংāĻļ āĻļāϤিāĻাā§° (i)āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻļāĻāϤ āĻā§°ু (ii) āĻļেāώ⧰ āĻĻāĻļāĻāϤ । )
Ans:- The systems of government described by Mandela are given below---
(i) In the first decade of the twentieth century, the white – skinned people of south Africa patched up their differences and create a system free of racial domination.
(ii) In the last decade of twentieth century, the previous system had been overturned forever and replaced by one that recognized the rights and freedom of all people, regardless of their colour and skin.
āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻā§°āĻাā§°ী āĻাā§°্āϝāĻāϞাāĻĒ āϤāϞāϤ āĻĻিā§াāϧ⧰āĻŖে āĻāĻāĻŦā§াāĻāĻিāϞ-:
(i) āĻŦিংāĻļ āĻļāϤিāĻাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻāĻļāĻāϤ āĻļ্āĻŦেāϤাংāĻ āϏāĻāϞে āύিāĻā§° āĻŽāύāϤ āĻĨāĻা āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝāϤা āύাāĻāĻিā§া āĻā§°ি āĻŦā§°্āĻŖ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝāĻšীāύ āϏāĻŽাāĻ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāώ্āĻ া āĻā§°িāĻŦ āϞাāĻিāĻŦ।
(ii) āĻļেāώ āĻĻāĻļāĻāϤ āĻĒূā§°্āĻŦā§° āύিā§āĻŽ āύাāĻāĻিā§া āĻā§°ি āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝāĻšীāύ āϏāĻŽাāĻ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāώ্āĻ া āĻā§°া āϞāĻāϤে āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§° āĻŽাāĻāϤ āϏāĻŽāϤা āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻā§°িāĻŦ āϞাāĻিāĻŦ।
4. What does courage mean to Mandela?
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে āϏাāĻšāϏ⧰ āĻ ā§°্āĻĨ āĻি? )
Ans:- According to Mandela, courage does not mean the absence of fear but a victory over fear. He believes that brave men need not be fearless but should be able to conquer fear.
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে āϏাāĻšāϏ⧰ āĻ ā§°্āĻĨ āĻāϝ়ā§° āĻ āύুāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āύāĻšā§, āĻŦā§°ং āĻāϝ়ā§° āĻāĻĒā§°āϤ āĻāϝ় āϞাāĻ āĻšে āĻšā§। āϤেāĻঁ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ āϝে āϏাāĻšāϏী āĻŽাāύুāĻš āύিā§°্āĻāϝ় āĻšোā§ąাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°ā§োāĻāύ āύāĻšā§, āĻĒā§°িā§ąā§°্āϤে āϤেāĻঁāϞোāĻে āĻāϝ়ā§° āĻāĻĒā§°āϤ āĻāϝ় āϞাāĻ āĻā§°িāĻŦ āϞাāĻে )
5. Which does he think is natural, to love or to hate?
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে āĻি āϏ্āĻŦাāĻাā§ąিāĻ āĻĒ্ā§°েāĻŽ āύে āĻৃāĻŖা? )
Ans:- For Mandela, love comes more naturally to the human heart then hate.
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে, āĻĒ্ā§°েāĻŽ āĻā§°ু āĻৃāĻŖাā§° āĻŽাāĻāϤ āĻĒ্ā§°েāĻŽে āĻŽাāĻ¨ā§ą āĻšৃāĻĻāϝ়āϤ āϏāĻšāĻে āϏ্āĻšাāύ āĻĒাāĻ। )
Oral Comprehension Check
1. What "twin obligations" does Mandela mention?
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻুāĻāύ āĻ āĻŦ্āϞিāĻেāĻāύ⧰ āĻāĻĨা āĻিā§ āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻ āĻā§°া āĻšৈāĻিāϞ? )
Ans:- Mandela believes that every man has twin obligations. The first is to his family, parents, wife and children, the second obligation is to his people, his community and his country.
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ āϝে āĻĒ্ā§°āϤ্āϝেāĻ āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§°ে āĻĻুāĻা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻৃāϤি āĻĨাāĻে, āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽāϤে āϤেāĻঁā§° āύিāĻā§° āĻĒā§°িā§াāϞ⧰ āĻĒিāϤৃ-āĻŽাāϤৃ, āĻĒāϤ্āύী āϤāĻĨা āϏāύ্āϤাāύ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻĻাā§িāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĒাāϞāύ āĻā§°ে,āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীā§ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻāϤা āύিāĻā§° āĻŽাāύুāĻš,āύিāĻā§° āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাā§ āϤāĻĨা āύিāĻā§° āĻĻেāĻļā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻĨাāĻে।)
2. What did being free mean to Mandela as a boy, and as a student? How does he contrast these "transitory freedoms" with "the basic and honourable freedoms"?
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে āĻŽুāĻāϞি āĻšৈ āĻĨāĻা āĻ ā§°্āĻĨ āϞ⧰া āĻā§°ু āĻাāϤ্ā§° āĻšিāĻাāĻĒে āĻি āĻšā§?āϤেāĻঁ āĻ্āώāĻŖāϏ্āĻĨাā§ী āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāĻ āĻিāĻĻā§°ে āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ āĻā§°ু āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāĻ āĻিāĻĻā§°ে āĻŦেāϞেāĻ āĻŦেāϞেāĻ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ? )
Ans:- Like other kids, Mandala freedom mean to make merry and enjoy the blissful life. Once one becomes an adults, the memories of childhood looks like transitory because most of the childish activities are wasteful from an adult, you have to earn a livelihood to feed your family. Its only then when you get an honorable existence in the family and society.
( āĻāύ āϏāĻāϞো āϞ⧰া āĻোā§ąাāϞী āĻĻā§°ে,āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻ ā§°্āĻĨ āĻšāϞ āĻāύāύ্āĻĻ āĻāϞ্āϞাāϏ āĻā§°ি āĻীā§ąāύ āĻāĻĒāĻোāĻ āĻā§°া,āĻিāύ্āϤ āĻāĻŦাā§° āĻĄাāĻā§° āĻšোā§ąা āϞāĻে āϞāĻে āϞ⧰াāϞিā§° āϏ্āĻŽৃāϤি āĻŦোā§° āĻ্āώāĻŖāϏ্āĻĨাā§ী āϝেāύ āĻšৈ āĻĒā§°ে āĻিā§āύো āϏ⧰ুāϤে āĻā§°া āĻাāĻŽ āĻŦোā§° āĻĄাāĻā§° āĻšোā§ąাā§° āĻĒাāĻāϤ āĻেāϤিā§াāĻŦা āĻুāϞ āϝেāύ āĻ āύুāĻā§ą āĻšā§। āĻĄাāĻā§° āĻšোā§ąা āĻĒাāĻāϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤ্āϝেāĻে āύিāĻā§° āĻĒā§°িā§াāϞ āĻĻিāĻŦāϞৈ āϏ্āĻŦাā§ąāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦী āĻšāĻŦ āϞাāĻে।āĻā§°ু āĻāĻā§া āϤেāϤিā§াāĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻā§ą āϝেāϤিā§া āϏāĻŽাāĻ āĻā§°ু āĻĒā§°িā§াāϞāϤ āĻāĻĒāϝুāĻ্āϤ āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻĒোā§ąা āϝাā§। )
3. Does Mandela think the oppressor is free? Why/Why not.
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে āĻ āϤ্āϝাāĻাā§°ী āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻŦোā§° āĻŽুāĻ্āϤ āύে?āϝāĻĻি āύāĻšā§ āĻিā§ āύāĻšā§? )
Ans:- According to Mandela, an oppressor is a victim of hatred who is behind the bars of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. He realises that both the oppressor and the oppressed are robbed of their humanity and peace.
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻ āύুāϏ⧰ি āĻ āϤ্āϝাāĻাā§°ীāĻŦিāϞাāĻ āĻৃāĻŖাā§° āĻŦāϞি āϝিā§ে āĻĒāĻ্āώāĻĒাāϤ āϤāĻĨা āϏংāĻীāύ āĻŽāύ⧰ āĻঁā§°ā§° āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤি,āϤেāĻঁ āĻ āύুāĻā§ą āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ āϝে āĻ āϤ্āϝাāĻাā§° āĻā§°া āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻŦোā§° āĻā§°ু āĻ āϤ্āϝাāĻাā§°ā§° āĻŦāϞি āĻšোā§ąা āϏāĻāϞোā§ąে āĻŽাāĻ¨ā§ąāϤা āĻā§°ু āĻļাāύ্āϤি āĻĒā§°া āĻŦāĻ্āĻিāϤ। )
Thinking about the Text
1. Why did such a large number of international leaders attend the inauguration? What did it signify the triumph of?
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŽāϤে āĻ āϤ্āϝাāĻাā§°ী āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻŦোā§° āĻŽুāĻ্āϤ āύে?āϝāĻĻি āύāĻšā§ āĻিā§ āύāĻšā§? )
Ans:- By attending the inauguration ceremony the international leaders showed a gesture of solidarity from international community to the idea of end of apartheid. It was the significance of the victory of good over evil and triumph of a tolerant society without any discrimination.
( āĻāύ্āϤঃā§°াāώ্āĻ্ā§°ীā§ āύেāϤাāϏāĻāϞে āĻāĻĻ্āϧোāϧāύি āĻ āύুāώ্āĻ াāύāϤ āĻāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻĨাāĻি āϏেāĻ āĻĻেāĻļāϤ āĻ āύ্āϤ āĻĒā§°া āĻŦā§°্āĻŖāĻŦাāĻĻā§° āĻŦিāĻĒā§°ীāϤে āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻšোā§ąা āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āϤেāĻঁāϞোāĻā§° āĻāĻ্āϝ āϤāĻĨা āϏংāĻšāϤি āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻā§°্āĻļāύ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ,āĻā§াā§° āϤাā§āĻĒā§°্āϝ্āϝ āĻāĻিāϞ āϝে āĻŦেā§াā§° āĻāĻĒā§°āϤ āĻšোā§ąা āĻাāϞ āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§° āĻŦিāĻā§,āϝāϤে āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝāϤাā§° āĻোāύো āϏ্āĻĨাāύāύাāĻ। )
2. What does Mandela mean when he says he is "simply the sum of all those African patriots" who had gone before him?
( "āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻাāύ āĻŽুāĻ্āϤি āϝুঁāĻাā§°োāϏāĻāϞ⧰ āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞ" āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻিā§ āĻāĻāώাā§° āĻāĻĨা āĻৈāĻিāϞ?āĻā§°ু āϤেāĻঁ āĻĒূā§°্āĻŦে āĻাā§° āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āĻšৈāĻিāϞ? )
Ans:- When Mandela says he is simply the sum of all those African patriots, he actually wants to pay tribute to all the people who have sacrificed their lives for the sake of freedom. He say that he is grateful to the patriots who had gone before him because they were the real heroes who paved the path of co-operation and unity for him.
( āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻাāύ āĻŽুāĻ্āϤিāϝুঁāĻাā§°ো āϏāĻāϞ⧰ āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞ āĻāĻ āĻāĻĨাāώাā§° āĻā§°িā§āϤে āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻļ্ā§°āĻĻ্āϧা āĻ্āĻাāĻĒāύ āĻā§°িāĻŦ āĻŦিāĻাā§°িāĻিāϞ, āϏেāĻāϏāĻāϞ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিā§ে āύিāĻ āĻĻেāĻļā§° āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāĻŦā§°āĻŖ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ,āϤেāĻঁ āϏেāĻāϏāĻāϞ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻৃāϤāĻ্āĻ āĻāĻিāϞ āĻিā§āύো āϤেāĻঁāϞোāĻ āĻāĻিāϞ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻৃāϤ āύাā§āĻ āϝিā§ে āĻĻেāĻļā§° āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϤāĻĨা āĻāĻāϤাā§° āĻŦাāĻ āĻŽুāĻāϞি āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ। )
3. Would you agree that the "depths of oppression" create "heights of character"? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own examples to this argument?
( .āϤুāĻŽি āĻāĻāĻŽāϤ āύে āϝে āĻļোāώāĻŖā§° āĻŦāϞি āĻšোā§ąা āϞোāĻāϏāĻāϞ āĻাā§°িāϤ্ā§°িāĻ āĻĒā§°িā§ąā§°্āϤāύ āĻšā§ āύে? āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻāĻ āĻŦিāώā§ে āĻিāĻĻā§°ে āĻŦাāĻ্āϝা āĻāĻāĻŦā§াāĻāĻে ?āϤুāĻŽি āύিāĻā§° āĻŽāϤাāĻŽāϤ āĻāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖāϏāĻš āĻāĻāĻŦā§োā§ąা। )
Ans:- I agree with the statement that depths of oppression create heights of character. Nelson Mandela illustrates this by giving examples of great heroes of South Africa like Oliver Tomb, Walter Sisulu and others who were inspired to sacrifice their lives in the long freedom struggle. India is full of such examples, during our freedom struggle there was a galaxy of leaders of great characters and the oppression of British rule created and encouraged people of noble characters like Mahatma Gandhi, Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawahar Lal Nehru and many more. If we compare them with the quality of political leaders India is having today, them Nelson Mandela seems to be absolutely right.
( āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻāĻŽāϤ āϝে āĻļোāώāĻŖā§° āĻŦāϞি āĻšোā§ąা āϞোāĻā§° āĻাā§°িāϤ্ā§°িāĻ āĻĒā§°িā§ąā§°্āϤāύ āĻāĻে।āĻāĻ āĻŦিāώā§ে āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻĻāĻ্āώিāύ āĻāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻৃāϤ āύাā§āĻāϏāĻāϞ⧰ āĻāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖ āĻĻাāĻি āϧ⧰িāĻে।āϤেāĻেāϤে āĻ āϞিāĻাā§° āϤāĻŽ্āĻŦ,ā§ąাāϞ্āĻাā§° āĻিāĻুāύু āĻāĻĻি āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিā§° āύাāĻŽ āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻ āĻā§°িāĻে āϝিā§ে āĻĻেāĻļā§° āĻŽুāĻ্āϤিā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖ āϤ্āϝাāĻ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ।āĻাā§°āϤāĻŦā§°্āώāĻো āϤেāύে āĻŦāĻšু āϏংāĻ্ā§°াāĻŽী āĻŽুāĻ্āϤি āϝুঁāĻাā§°ু āĻāĻিāϞ,āϝিā§ে āĻĻেāĻļāĻŽাāϤৃāĻ āĻŦৃāĻিāĻā§° āĻāĻŦāϞ⧰ ā§°āĻ্āώা āĻā§°িāĻŦāϞৈ āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖ āϤ্āϝাāĻ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ।āϏেāĻ āĻŽুāĻ্āϤি āϝুঁāĻাā§°োāϏāĻāϞ āĻšāϞ āĻŽāĻšাāϤ্āĻŽা āĻাāύ্āϧী, āϞাāϞা ā§°াāĻāĻĒāϤ ā§°াā§,āĻā§ąাāĻšā§°āϞাāϞ āύেāĻšā§°ু āĻāĻĻি,āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ্āϝা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒুā§°্āĻŖ ā§°ূāĻĒে āϏāϤ্āϝ āĻŦুāϞিāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°ি āϝেāϤিā§া āĻāĻŽি āĻাā§°āϤ⧰ āĻŽুāĻ্āϤি āϝুঁāĻাā§°ুāϏāĻāϞāĻ āĻŦিāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖ āĻā§°ি āĻাāĻঁ। )
4. How did Mandela's understanding of freedom change with age and experience?
( āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻĨāĻা āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āϧাā§°āĻŖা āĻŦā§āϏ āĻā§°ু āĻ āĻিāĻ্āĻāϤাā§° āϏৈāϤে āĻেāύেāĻĻā§°ে āϏāϞāύি āĻšৈāĻিāϞ? )
Ans:- Mandela understood the real meaning of freedom with age and experience. As a young boy. He thought that he was born free and believed that as long as he obeyed his father and abided by the customs of his tribe, he was free in every possible way. As he grew older, freedom meaning has changed for him. Now he needs freedom to raise a family, freedom to earn livelihood. Gradually he realized that he was selfish during his boyhood. He slowly understood that it was not just his freedom that was being wrtailed, but the freedom of all blacks. It was the freedom from fear and prejudice. Age and experience widened his perspective of freedom.
( āĻŦā§āϏ āϤāĻĨা āĻ āĻিāĻ্āĻāϤাāĻĒুāώ্āĻ āĻšোā§ąাā§° āϞāĻে āϞāĻে āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻāĻĨা āĻাāϞāĻĻā§°ে āĻŦুāĻি āĻāĻ িāĻিāϞ।āϞ⧰াāϞি āĻাāϞāϤ āϤেāĻঁ āĻাāĻŦিāĻিāϞ āϝে āϝিāĻšেāϤু āĻāύ্āĻŽāϤেāĻ āĻāĻŽি āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāĻাā§ąে āϞāĻিāĻে āĻāϤিāĻে āύিāĻā§° āĻĒিāϤৃ āϤāĻĨা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাā§ā§° āĻāĻĨা āĻŽাāύি āĻāϞিāϞেāĻ āύিāĻā§° āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻāĻĒāĻোāĻ āĻā§°িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŽ।āĻিāύ্āϤ āĻŦā§āϏ āĻŦাā§ি āϝোā§ąাā§° āϞāĻে āϞāĻে āϤেঁāĻ āĻāĻĒāϞāĻŦ্āϧি āĻā§°িāϞে āϝে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻৃāϤ āĻ ā§°্āĻĨ āĻŦāĻšুāϤ āĻŦেāϞেāĻ,āĻāϤিā§া āϤেāĻঁāĻ āϏ্āĻŦāϤāύ্āϤা āϞাāĻে āύিāĻā§° āĻĒā§°িā§াāϞāĻ āĻোā§ąাāĻিāϤা āĻā§°িāĻŦā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āϏ⧰ুāϤে āϤেāĻঁ āĻŦāĻšুāϤ āϏ্āĻŦাā§°্āĻĨāĻĒā§° āĻāĻিāϞ āϝেāύ āĻ āύুāĻā§ą āĻšāϞ āϤেāĻঁā§° āĻŦুāĻিāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāϞে āϝে āĻ āĻāϞ āϤেāĻঁā§° āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāĻ āĻā§°্āĻŦ āĻšোā§ąা āύাāĻ,āĻŦā§°ং āϏāĻŽāĻ্ā§° āĻৃāώ্āĻŖাāĻ্āĻ āϏāĻāϞে āĻļোāώāĻŖā§° āĻŦāϞি āĻšৈāĻিāϞ,āĻā§ā§° āĻĒā§°া āĻŽুāĻ্āϤি āϞাāĻ āϤāĻĨা āĻāĻāϤাā§° āĻŦā§°্āϤāĻŽাāύ āϏ্āĻŦāϤāύ্āϤ্ā§°āϤাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°ā§োāĻāύ, āĻŦā§āϏ āϤāĻĨা āĻ āĻিāĻ্āĻāϤাāĻ āϤেāĻেāϤ⧰ āĻিāύ্āϤাā§° āĻĒā§°িāϏ⧰ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ। )
5. How did Mandela's 'hunger for freedom' change his life?
( ."āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āĻŽুāϧাāĻ"āĻিāĻĻā§°ে āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাā§° āĻীā§ąāύ āϏāϞāύি āĻā§°ি āĻĒেāϞাāϞে? )
Ans:- Mandela realized that it was not only his freedom that was being curtailed, but the freedom of all blacks. Then it changed fearful Mandela to a fearless rebel. He sacrificed the comforts of a settled family life to fight for a greater cause. He joined the African National Congrees and this changed him from a frightened young man into a bold one who fought against racial prejudice.
( āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻŦুāĻি āĻāĻ িāĻিāϞ āϝে āϤেāĻঁā§°েāĻ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻā§°্āĻŦ āĻšোā§ąা āύাāĻিāϞ,āĻŦā§°āĻ্āĻ āϏāĻŽāĻ্ā§° āĻৃāώ্āĻŖাāĻ্āĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাā§ে āĻŦāĻ্āĻিāϤ āĻšāĻŦ āϞāĻা āĻšৈāĻিāϞ,āĻāĻ āĻāĻĨাāĻ āĻā§াāϤুā§° āĻŽেāĻŖ্āĻĄেāϞাāĻ āĻāĻāύ āύিā§°্āĻীāϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāĻŦাāĻĻী āĻāύ্āĻ āϞৈ āĻĒā§°িā§ąā§°্āϤিāϤ āĻā§°িāĻিāϞ।āϤেāĻেāϤে āύিāĻā§° āĻā§°াāĻŽāĻĻাā§āĻ āĻীā§ąāύ āϤ্āϝাāĻ āĻā§°ি āϏংāĻ্ā§°াāĻŽ āĻā§°āĻŽ্āĻ āĻā§°িāϞে āύিāĻā§° āĻĻেāĻļā§° āĻŽুāĻ্āϤি ā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে,āϤেāĻঁ āĻāĻĢ্ā§°িāĻাāύ āύেāĻāύেāϞ āĻংāĻ্ā§°েāĻāϤ āϝোāĻ āĻĻি āĻŦā§°্āĻŖ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝ āĻŦিā§°োāϧী āϝুঁāĻāϤ āĻ ā§ąā§°্āϤীāύ āĻšৈāĻিāϞ। )
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Angamita Dutta
(M.A in English)