CHAPTER 1
KNOW LITTLE CHILDREN
QUESTIONS
A. Very short answer questions.
( i) What is Pre- natal development?
Ans: Pre-natal period means the entire period of conception till birth of a child. This is the process in which the baby develops from a single cell after conception into an embryo and later a fetus.
(ii) What are the stages of pre-natal development?
Ans : The entire pre natal period is divided into three stages. They are –
1. Period of ovum or Germinal period
2. Period of embryo
3. Period of fetus
(iii) What is known as the period of embryo?
Ans : From the second week of conception till the end of second month is known as the period of embryo. By the end of the embryonic stage, all essential external and internal structures have been formed. The embryo is now referred to as a fetus.
(iv) What is fertilization?
Ans : Fertilization is the action or process of fertilizing an ovum involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Fertilization usually takes place in a fallopian tube that links an ovary to the uterus. If the fertilized egg successfully travel down the fallopian tube and implants in the uterus an embryo starts growing.
(v) Define Colostrum?
Ans : Colostrum is the first form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals before the breast milk is released .Colostrums looks thicker and more yellowish than mature milk which is the ideal nourishment for a newborn baby. It contain full of protein and nutrients which play a crucial role in building his immune system.
(B) Short answer questions
(i) What do you understand by pre-natal development?
Ans : Pre-natal period means the entire period of conception till birth of a child. This is the process in which the baby develops from a single cell after conception into an embryo and later a fetus. The average length of time for prenatal development to complete is 38 weeks from the date of conception. During this time a single cell zygote develops in a series of stages into a full term baby.
(ii) What are the stages of pre-natal development?
Ans : The entire pre natal period is divided into three stages. They are –
1. Period of ovum or Germinal period
2. Period of embryo
3. Period of fetus
Stage 1 - Germinal period – The two week period is called the germinal period. About thirty six hours after conception the zygote begins to divide quickly. The resulting ball of cells moves along the mothers fallopian tube to the uterus.
Stage 2- Period of embryo – the embryonic stage lasts from the end of the germinal stage to 2 months after conception. The developing ball of cells is now called an embryo. In this stage all the major organs form and the embryo becomes very fragile.
Stage 3- Period of fetus – the last stage of prenatal development is the fetal stage, which lasts from2 months after conception until birth. About one month into this stage the sex organs of the fetus begin to form.
(iii) Name any four characteristics of babyhood.
Ans : The four characteristics of babyhood are as follow-
1. Babyhood is the true foundation age
2. Babyhood is the age of rapid growth and change.
3. Babyhood is the age of decreasing dependency
4. Babyhood is the age of increased individuality
C. Long answers questions.
(i) Define prenatal period. What are the different stages of this period? Explain.
Ans : Pre-natal period means the entire period of conception till birth of a child. This is the process in which the baby develops from a single cell after conception into an embryo and later a fetus. The average length of time for prenatal development to complete is 38 weeks from the date of conception. During this time a single cell zygote develops in a series of stages into a full term baby.
The entire pre natal period is divided into three stages. They are –
1. Period of ovum or Germinal period
2. Period of embryo
3. Period of fetus
Stage 1 - Germinal period – The two week period is called the germinal period. About thirty six hours after conception the zygote begins to divide quickly. The resulting ball of cells moves along the mother’s fallopian tube to the uterus. But within 10 days it gets implanted in the uterine wall and divided into two parts as inner and outer part. From the outer part umbilica cord, placenta and amniotic fluid develop and the inner part takes the shape of a human being. The ovum starts receiving his nourishment through mother. When implantation is successful, hormonal changes halt a women’s normal menstrual cycle and cause physical changes.
Stage 2 - Period of embryo – the embryonic stage lasts from the end of the germinal stage to 2 months after conception. The developing ball of cells is now called an embryo. In this stage all the major organs form and the embryo becomes very fragile. For eg – the ectoderm eventually forms skin, nails, hair,brain,nervous tissue and cells,mouth,nose,anus, tooth enamel and other tissues. The mesoderm develops into muscles, bones, heart tissue, lungs, reproductive organs and other tissues. The process of differentiation takes place over a period of weeks with different structures.
Stage 3 - Period of fetus – the last stage of prenatal development is the fetal stage, which lasts from2 months after conception until birth. About one month into this stage the sex organs of the fetus begin to form. During 3rd month of pregnancy ears are formed, fingers and nails appear and nose fully develop. Heartbeat can be felt and the fetus begins to move.
It is during the period between the 9th and 12th week at the earliest reflexes begin to emerge and the fetus begins to make reflexive motions with his arms and legs. At this point, the fetus weight around three ounces. The fetus continues to grow in both weight and length, although the majority of the physical growth occurs in the later stages of pregnancy.
During the second trimester or months four through six, the heartbeat grows stronger and other body systems become further developed. Fingernails, hair, eyelashes, and toenails form. The brain also becomes more responsive during the second trimester.
During the period from seven months until birth, the fetus continues to develop, put on weight, and prepare for life outside the womb. The lungs begin to expand and contract, preparing the muscles for breathing.
(ii) Explain briefly about the period of feotus?
Ans : Once cell differentiation is complete, the embryo enters the next stage which is known as a fetus. This period of development begins during the ninth week and lasts until birth.
About one month into this stage the sex organs of the fetus begin to form. During 3rd month of pregnancy ears are formed, fingers and nails appear and nose fully develop. Heartbeat can be felt and the fetus begins to move.
It is during the period between the 9th and 12th week at the earliest reflexes begin to emerge and the fetus begins to make reflexive motions with his arms and legs. At this point, the fetus weight around three ounces. The fetus continues to grow in both weight and length, although the majority of the physical growth occurs in the later stages of pregnancy.
During the second trimester or months four through six, the heartbeat grows stronger and other body systems become further developed. Fingernails, hair, eyelashes, and toenails form. The brain also becomes more responsive during the second trimester.
During the period from seven months until birth, the fetus continues to develop, put on weight, and prepare for life outside the womb. The lungs begin to expand and contract, preparing the muscles for breathing.
(iii) Explain any two characteristics of babyhood.
Ans : Babyhood is the time when the new born becomes less helpless and more independent. It is the first two years of life.
The two characteristics of babyhood are as follow-
1. Babyhood is an age of rapid growth and development: - At this stage their physical and psychological growth becomes very rapid. For the first six to nine months the baby’s physical growth and development are very rapid. This brings about the change in their appearance. Because soon after birth the upper position along with the head of the baby is relatively big as compared to the lower portion of the body. Intellectual growth takes place nd baby’s ability to recognize and respond to people and object become visible. They understand and communicate their needs.
2. Babyhood is a hazardous age:- there are hazards at every astage of human life. These hazards may be of two types- physical and psychological hazards. Among the physical hazards , illness and accidents they often lead to permanent disabilities or to death. If good behavior patterns, attitudesw, interest are not established during babyhood, this will result in psychological hazards and poor foundation during this period of time.
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