Chapter: 1 

Robinson Crusoe

ā§°āĻŦিāύāĻ›āύ āĻ•্ā§°ুāĻ›'

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Comprehension: 

1. Answer the following questions in complete sentences:

āĻĒ্ā§°āĻļ্āύ āϏāĻŽূāĻšā§° āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূā§°্āĻŖ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϤ āωāϤ্āϤ⧰ āĻĻিāϝ়া:

a) What is the name of the shipwrecked sailor

āϧ্āĻŦংāĻļ āĻŽুāĻ–ি āϜাāĻšাāϜ āĻ–āύ⧰ āύাā§ąিāĻ• āϜāύ⧰ āύাāĻŽ āĻ•ি āĻšā§Ÿ? 

Ans: The name of the shipwrecked sailor is Robinson Crusoe.

āϜাāĻšাāϜ āĻĻুā§°্āϘāϟāύাāĻ—্ā§°āϏ্āϤ āύাā§ąিāĻ•āϜāύ⧰ āύাāĻŽ ā§°āĻŦিāύāĻ›āύ āĻ•্ā§°ুāĻ›’।

b) When did he begin his journey by the sea for trade? 

āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻŦেāĻĒাā§°ā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āϏাāĻ—ā§°ā§° āĻŽাāϜেā§°ে āϝাāϤ্ā§°া āĻ•েāϤিāϝ়া āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ? 

Ans: On 1st September 1659, he began his journey by the sea for trade.

āϤেāĻ“ঁ ā§§ āĻ›েāĻĒ্āϟেāĻŽ্āĻŦā§° ā§§ā§Ŧā§Ģ⧝ āϤাā§°িāĻ–ে āϏাāĻ—ā§°ā§° āĻŽাāϜেā§°ে āϝাāϤ্ā§°া āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।

c) Who gave him company in the island at the beginning? 

āĻ•োāύে āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒ āϟোāϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽে āϞāĻ— āĻĻিāϞে?

āĻāϟা āĻŽেāĻ•ুā§°ী āφ⧰ু āĻāϟা āĻ•ুāĻ•ুā§°ে āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽে āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒ āϟোāϤ āϞāĻ— āĻĻিāϞে।

Ans: A cat and a dog gave him company in the island at the beginning.

d) What did Crusoe call the man whom he had rescued?

Crusoe āĻ āωāĻĻ্āϧাā§° āϕ⧰ি āĻ…āύা āĻŽাāύুāĻš āϜāύāĻ• āĻ•ি āĻŦুāϞি āĻŽাāϤিāĻ›িāϞ? 

Ans: Crusoe called the man 'Friday' as he was rescued on a Friday.

āĻļুāĻ•্ā§°āĻŦাā§°ে āωāĻĻ্āϧাā§° āĻšোā§ąাā§° āϞāĻ—ে āϞāĻ—ে āĻ•্ā§°ুāϚোā§ąে āĻŽাāύুāĻšāϜāύāĻ• 'āĻļুāĻ•্ā§°āĻŦাā§°ে' āĻŦুāϞি āĻŽাāϤিāĻ›িāϞ।

e) Which language did Crusoe teach Friday? 

Crusoe āĻ Friday āĻ• āĻ•োāύāϟো āĻ­াāώা āĻļিāĻ•াāχāĻ›িāϞ? 

Ans: Crusoe taught Friday the English Language. 

    āĻ•্ā§°ুāĻ›’āχ āĻļুāĻ•ুā§°āĻŦাā§°ে āχংā§°াāϜী āĻ­াāώা āĻļিāĻ•াāχāĻ›িāϞ।


2. How did Crusoe manage to go back to England?

Crusoe āĻ āχংāϞেāĻŖ্āĻĄ āϞৈ āωāĻ­āϤি āϝোā§ąাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻ•ি āĻĻā§°ে āϕ⧰িāϞে? 

Ans: One day a ship with an English flag was coming towards the island. Crusoe somehow convinced the members of the ship to carry him and Friday after knowing the ship was an English ship. That's how Crusoe managed to go back to England. 

āĻāĻĻিāύ, āχংā§°াāϜ⧰ āĻĒāϤāĻ•া āĻĨāĻ•া āϜাāĻšাāϜ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒ āϟোā§° āĻĻিāĻļে āφāĻšি āφāĻ›িāϞ। Crusoe āĻ āĻ•েāύেāĻŦাāĻ•ৈ āϜাāĻšাāϜ āĻ–āύ⧰ āĻŽাāύুāĻš āĻ•েāχāϜāύāĻ• āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āφ⧰ু Friday āĻ• āϞāĻ—āϤ āύিāĻŦāϞৈ āĻŽাāύ্āϤি āϕ⧰াāϞে, āϜাāĻšাāϜ āĻ–āύ āχংā§°াāϜী āϜাāĻšাāϜ āĻŦুāϞি āϜāύাā§° āĻĒাāĻ›āϤ। āϤেāύেāĻĻā§°েāχ, Crusoe āĻ āχংāϞেāĻŖ্āĻĄ āϞৈ āωāĻ­āϤি āϝোā§ąাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻŦāύ্āϧ āϕ⧰িāϞে।


3. Write whether the following statements are true or false:.

āϤāϞ⧰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻŦোā§°ā§° āĻ•োāύāϟো āĻ­ুāϞ āĻ•োāύāϟো āĻļুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻŦাāϚি āωāϞি⧟োā§ąা:

a) Robinson Crusoe did not love to travel on the sea. 

Robinson Crusoe āĻ āϏাāĻ—ā§°ā§° āϝাāϤ্ā§°া āϕ⧰ি āĻ­াāϞ āĻĒোā§ąা āύাāĻ›িāϞ। 

Ans: False (āĻ­ূāϞ)

b) Robinson Crusoe was the only survivor.

Robinson Crusoe āĻāĻ•āĻŽাāϤ্ā§° āωāϤ্āϤ⧰্āϜিāĻŦি āφāĻ›িāϞ। 

Ans: True (āĻļুāĻĻ্āϧ)

c) Robinson tamed horse.

Robinson āĻ āϘোঁā§°া āĻĒূāĻšিāĻ›িāϞ। 

Ans: False (āĻ­ূāϞ)

d) Friday was rescued on Sunday.

Friday āĻ• āĻĻেāĻ“āĻŦাā§°ে āωāĻĻ্āϧাā§° āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।

Ans: False ( āĻ­ূāϞ ) 

e) Robinson Crusoe went back to England on an English ship on 19th November, 1686. 

Robinson Crusoe āĻāĻ–āύ āχংā§°াāϜী āϜাāĻšাāϜāϤ ⧧⧝ āĻ¨ā§ąেāĻŽ্āĻŦā§°, ā§§ā§Ŧā§Žā§Ŧ āϤাā§°িāĻ–ে āχংāϞেāĻŖ্āĻĄ āϞৈ āωāĻ­āϤি āĻ—ৈāĻ›িāϞ।

Ans:  True.


Grammar and Usage: 

āĻŦ্āϝাāϕ⧰āĻŖ āφ⧰ু āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§°:

Use of "be" verbs (am, is, are, was, were) as helping verbs or auxiliary verbs.

āϏāĻšাāϝ়āĻ• āĻ•্ā§°িāϝ়া āĻŦা āϏāĻšাāϝ়āĻ• āĻ•্ā§°িāϝ়া āĻšিāϚাāĻĒে "āĻšোā§ąা" āĻ•্ā§°িāϝ়া (am, is, are, was, were) ā§° āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§°।

"Be" verb (am, is, are, was, were) āĻŦোā§°āĻ• helping āĻŦা auxiliary verb āĻšিāϚাāĻĒে āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰া āĻšāϝ়।

Be verbs are used to form the continuous tense form of verbs.

Be verbs āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰ি āĻ•্ā§°িāϝ়াā§° āĻ…āĻŦিā§°āϤ āĻ•াāϞ⧰ ā§°ূāĻĒ āĻ—āĻ āύ āϕ⧰া āĻšāϝ়।

The Present Continuous Tense

( āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻ…āĻŦিā§°āϤ āĻ•াāϞ )

Examples: 

( āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖ )

a) I am drawing a picture.

āĻŽāχ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ›āĻŦি āφঁāĻ•ি āφāĻ›োঁ।

b) He is drinking a glass of milk.

āϏি āĻāĻ—িāϞাāĻ› āĻ—াāĻ–ীā§° āĻ–াāχ āφāĻ›ে।

c) They are eating mangoes.

āϏিāĻšঁāϤে āφāĻŽ āĻ–াāχ āφāĻ›ে।

d) Samriddhi is driving a car.

āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧি⧟ে āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ—াā§°ী āϚāϞাāχ āφāĻ›ে।

e) The children are singing a chorus.

āϞ⧰া āĻ›োā§ąাāϞী āĻŦোā§°ে āĻāϟা āĻ•ুā§°াāĻ› āĻ—াāχ āφāĻ›ে।

In the above sentences the verbs "am" , "is", "are" are called auxiliary verbs. They are helping the main verbs 'draw', 'drink', 'eat', 'drive' and 'sing' to form the structure of the Present Continuous Tense. 

āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āĻĻিāϝ়া āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ•েāχāϟাāϤ (am, is, are) verb āĻ•েāχāϟাāĻ• auxiliary verb āĻŦোāϞে। āϏিāĻšঁāϤে main verb (draw, drink, eat, drive and sing) āĻ• āϏāĻšাāϝ় āϕ⧰ে Present Continuous Tense ā§° ā§°ূāĻĒ āĻāϟা āĻ—āĻ āύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ।

Activity 1:


a) The brids are flying in the sky now.

āĻ•) āϚ⧰াāχāĻŦোā§° āĻāϤিāϝ়া āφāĻ•াāĻļāϤ āω⧰ি āφāĻ›ে।

b) Rupak is reading; don't disturb him.

ā§°ূāĻĒāĻ•ে āĻĒāĻĸ়ি āφāĻ›ে, āϤাāĻ• āφāĻŽāύি āύāϕ⧰িāĻŦা।

c) Look! I am reading a book written by Chetan Bhagat.

āĻ—) āϚাāĻ“āĻ•āϚোāύ! āϚেāϤāύ āĻ­āĻ—āϤ āϞিāĻ–া āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ•িāϤাāĻĒ āĻĒāĻĸ়ি āφāĻ›ো।

d) At this moment, my father is drinking tea.

āĻāχ āĻŽুāĻšূā§°্āϤ্āϤāϤ, āĻŽোā§° āĻĻেāωāϤাāχ āϚাāĻš āĻ–াāχ āφāĻ›ে।

e) The women are busy because they are washing clothes.

āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻŦ্āϝāϏ্āϤ āφāĻ›ে āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āĻ•াāĻĒোā§° āϧুāχ āφāĻ›ে।

The Past Continuous Tense is used when an action was continued for sometime in the past. 

āĻāχ tense āϤেāϤিāϝ়া āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰া āĻšāϝ় āϝেāϤিāϝ়া āĻāϟা āĻ•াāĻŽ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϞৈāĻ•ে āĻ­ূāϤ āĻ•াāϞāϤ āϚāϞি āĻĨāĻ•া āĻŦুāϜাāχ।

    

Examples: 


a) When he saw me I was reading a newspaper.

āĻ•) āϝেāϤিāϝ়া āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻŽোāĻ• āĻĻেāĻ–িāϞে āĻŽāχ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŦাāϤ⧰ি āĻ•াāĻ•āϤ āĻĒāĻĸ়ি āφāĻ›িāϞো।

b) We were running on the bank of the river at that time.

āφāĻŽি āϏেāχ āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϤ āύāĻĻীā§° āĻŦুāĻ•ুāϤ āĻĻৌā§°ি āĻĢুā§°িāϚিāϞো।

c) You were sitting on the bench then.

āϤুāĻŽি āϤেāϤিāϝ়া āĻŦেāĻž্āϚি āĻ–āύāϤ āĻŦāĻšি āφāĻ›িāϞা।

d) The boy was speaking to his friends at that moment.

āϏেāχ āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϤ āϞ⧰া āϜāύে āϤাā§° āĻŦāύ্āϧু āĻŦোā§°ā§° āϞāĻ—āϤ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻĒাāϤি āφāĻ›িāϞ।

e) When my father saw them they were singing a Jyoti Sangeet.

āĻŽোā§° āĻĻেāωāϤাāχ āϝেāϤিāϝ়া āϏিāĻšঁāϤāĻ• āĻĻেāĻ–ে āϏিāĻšঁāϤে āϜ্āϝোāϤি āϏংāĻ—ীāϤ āĻ—াāϝ় āφāĻ›িāϞ।

In the above sentences the verb "was" and "were" are called auxiliary verb. They are helping the main verbs 'read', 'run', 'sit', 'speak' and 'sing' to form the structure of the Past Continuous Tense.

   āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āĻĻিāϝ়া āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ•েāχāϟাāϤ (was āφ⧰ু were) verb āĻ•েāχāϟাāĻ• auxiliary verb āĻŦোāϞে। āϏিāĻšঁāϤে main verb (read, run, sit, speak āφ⧰ু sing) āĻ• āϏāĻšাāϝ় āϕ⧰ে Past Continuous Tense ā§° ā§°ূāĻĒ āĻāϟা āĻ—āĻ āύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ।

Activity 2:


a) The girl was dancing on the stage when they saw her.

āϏিāĻšঁāϤে āϝেāϤিāϝ়া āϤাāχāĻ• āĻĻেāĻ–ে āϤাāχ āϤেāϤিāϝ়া āĻŽāĻž্āϚ⧰ āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āύাāϚি āφāĻ›িāϞ।

b) The women were wearing traditional dresses then.

āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āϏāĻ•āϞে āϤেāϤিāϝ়া āĻĒā§°āĻŽ্āĻĒā§°াāĻ—āϤ āĻĒোāĻ›াāĻ• āĻĒā§°িāϧাāύ āϕ⧰ি āφāĻ›িāϞ।

c) Lalita was swimming in the pool at that time.

āϞāϞিāϤাāχ āϏেāχ āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϤ āĻĒুāϞāϤ āϏাঁāϤুā§°ি āφāĻ›িāϞ।

d) The children were eating oranges at that moment.

āϞ⧰া āĻ›োā§ąাāϞী āĻ•েāχāϟাāχ āϏেāχ āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϤ āĻ•āĻŽāϞা āĻ–াāχ āφāĻ›িāϞ।

e) When my mother saw him, he was riding a bicycle.

āĻŽোā§° āĻŽা⧟ে āϝেāϤিāϝ়া āϤাāĻ• āĻĻেāĻ–ে, āϏি āϤেāϤিāϝ়া āĻ›াāχāĻ•েāϞ āϚāϞাāχ āφāĻ›িāϞ।

Use of "has" and "have" as auxiliary verbs or helping verbs.

(Has āφ⧰ু Have ā§°) auxiliary verb āĻšিāϚাāĻĒে āϕ⧰া āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§°।

We use 'has' and 'have' to form the Present Perfect Tense.

āφāĻŽি (has āφ⧰ু have) ā§° āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° present perfect tense āĻ—āĻ āύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āϕ⧰োঁ।

Examples:

āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖ:

a) I have written a letter just now.

āĻŽāχ āĻāχāĻŽাāϤ্ā§° āĻāĻ–āύ āϚিāĻ ি āϞিāĻ–িāϞোঁ।

b) We have already won the match.

āφāĻŽি āχāϤিāĻŽāϧ্āϝেāχ āĻ–েāϞ āĻ–āύ āϜিāĻ•িāϞো।

c) He has just posted the letter.

āϏি āĻāχāĻŽাāϤ্ā§° āϚিāĻ ি āĻ–āύ āĻĒোāώ্āϟ āϕ⧰িāϞে।

d) You have finished your homework just now. 

āϤুāĻŽি āĻāχāĻŽাāϤ্ā§° āϤোāĻŽাā§° āĻšāĻŽ ā§ąā§°্āĻ• āĻļেāώ āϕ⧰িāϞা।

e) Ronit has already eaten the apples.

ā§°āĻŖিāϤে āχāϤিāĻŽāϧ্āϝেāχ āφāĻĒেāϞ āĻŦোā§° āĻ–াāχ āĻĒেāϞাāϞে।

   In the above sentences, the verbs 'has' and 'have' are called auxiliary verbs. They are helping the main verbs 'write', 'win', 'post', 'finish' and 'eat' to form the structure of the Present Perfect Tense.

āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āĻĻিāϝ়া āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻ•েāχāϟাāϤ (has āφ⧰ু have) verb āĻ•েāχāϟাāĻ• auxiliary verb āĻŦোāϞে। āϏিāĻšঁāϤে main verb (write, win, post, finish āφ⧰ু eat) āĻ• āϏāĻšাāϝ় āϕ⧰ে Present Perfect Tense ā§° ā§°ূāĻĒ āĻāϟা āĻ—āĻ āύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ।


Activity 3:

a) Robin has already bought the novel.

ā§°āĻŦীāύে āχāϤিāĻŽāϧ্āϝāχ āωāĻĒāύ্āϝাāϏ āĻ–āύ āĻ•িāύি āφāύি।

b) You have opened the window just now. 

āϤুāĻŽি āĻ–িā§°িāĻ•ী āĻ–āύ āĻāχāĻŽাāϤ্ā§° āĻ–ুāϞি āĻĻিāϞা।

c) She has just cut her finger.

āϤাāχ āĻāχāĻŽাāϤ্ā§° āϤাāχ⧰ āφāĻ™ুāϞি āϟো āĻ•াāϟি āϞāϞে।

d) The dried leaves have already fallen from the tree.

āĻļুāĻ•াāύ āĻĒাāϤ āĻŦোā§° āχāϤিāĻŽāϧ্āϝেāχ āĻ—āĻ› āϝুāĻĒাā§° āĻĒā§°া āϏ⧰িāϞ।

e) The monkey has eaten all the bananas just now.

āĻŦাāύ্āĻĻā§° āϟোā§ąে āĻāχāĻŽাāϤ্ā§° āĻ—োāϟেāχ āĻ•āϞ āĻŦোā§° āĻ–াāχ āĻĒেāϞাāϞে।

Use of 'do', 'does' and 'did' to form negative and interrogative sentences.

Negative āφ⧰ু interrogative sentence āĻ—āĻ āύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ 'do', 'does' āφ⧰ু 'did' ā§° āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§°।

Examples of negative sentences:

āĻ‹āĻŖাāϤ্āĻŽāĻ• āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ⧰ āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖ:

a) They did not fight yesterday.

āϏিāĻšঁāϤে āϝোā§ąা āĻ•াāϞি āĻ•াāϜী⧟া āϕ⧰া āύাāχ।

b) He does not drink coffee.

āϏি āĻ•āĻĢি āύাāĻ–াāϝ়।

c) We do not like to eat oranges.

āφāĻŽি āĻ•āĻŽāϞা āĻ–া⧟ āĻ­াāϞ āύাāĻĒাāĻ“ঁ।


Activity 4:


1.

a) She did not teach us English last year. 

āϤেāĻ“ঁ āφāĻŽাāĻ• āϝোā§ąা āĻŦāϛ⧰ āχংā§°াāϜী āĻĒā§োā§ąা āύাāĻ›িāϞ।

b) Leena and Seema do not like to drink milk.

āϞিāύা āφ⧰ু  āϏীāĻŽাāχ āĻ—াāĻ–ীā§° āĻ–াāχ āĻ­াāϞ āύাāĻĒাāϝ়।

c) I do not quarrel with my friends.

āĻŽāχ āĻŽোā§° āĻŦāύ্āϧুā§° āϞāĻ—āϤ āϤ⧰্āĻ• āύāϕ⧰োঁ।

d) Smita did not go to school yesterday.

āϏ্āĻŽিāϤা āϝোā§ąা āĻ•াāϞি āϏ্āĻ•ুāϞāϞৈ āύāĻ—āϞ।

e) My pet dog doesn't bark at strangers.

āĻŽোā§° āĻĒোāĻšāύীāϝ়া āĻ•ুāĻ•ুā§° āϟোā§ąে āĻ…āϚিāύাāĻ•ী āϞৈ āύুāĻ­ুāĻ•ে।

Examples of Interrogative Sentences:

Interrogative sentence ā§° āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖ:

a) Did they come yesterday?

āϏিāĻšঁāϤ āϝোā§ąা āĻ•াāϞি āφāĻšিāϞ āύে?

b) Does he drink milk?

āϏি āĻ—াāĻ–ীā§° āĻ–াāχ āύে?

c) Do you like to eat mangoes?

āϤুāĻŽি āφāĻŽ āĻ–াāχ āĻ­াāϞ āĻĒোā§ąাāύে?


Activity 5:


a) Did she teach them Hindi last year?

āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϏিāĻšঁāϤāĻ• āϝোā§ąা āĻŦāϛ⧰ āĻšিāύ্āĻĻী āĻĒā§োā§ąাāχāĻ›িāϞ āύে? 

b) Does Reena like to eat apples?

ā§°ীāύাāχ āφāĻĒেāϞ āĻ–াāχ āĻ­াāϞ āĻĒাāχ āύে? 

c) Do you go to school by bus?

āϤুāĻŽি āĻŦাāĻ›েā§°ে āϏ্āĻ•ুāϞāϞৈ āϝোā§ąা āύে?

d) Does Simanta comes here every Sunday?

āϏীāĻŽাāύ্āϤ āχāϝ়াāϞৈ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻĻেāĻ“āĻŦাā§°ে āφāĻšে āύে? 

e) Did they go to library last Saturday?

āϏিāĻšঁāϤ āϝোā§ąা āĻļāύিāĻŦাā§°ে āĻĒুāĻĨিāĻ­ঁā§°াāϞāϞৈ āĻ—ৈāĻ›িāϞ āύে?

In the above examples of negative and interrogative sentences 'do', 'does' and 'did' help the main verbs 'fight', 'drink', 'like' and 'come' to form negative and interrogative sentences. These different forms of 'do' verb are called auxiliary verb. 

āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āĻĻিāϝ়া āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖ āĻ…āύুāϝাāϝ়ী Negative āφ⧰ু  Interrogative Sentence (do, does, did) āĻ main verbs (fight, drink, like, come) āĻŦোā§°āĻ• āϏāĻšাāϝ় āϕ⧰ে। āĻāχ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϧ⧰āĻŖā§° 'do' verb āĻŦুā§°āĻ• auxiliary verb āĻŦোāϞা āĻšāϝ়। 

Note: The above mentioned verbs like 'am', 'is', 'are', was', 'were', 'has', 'have', 'do', 'does' and 'did' are called Primary Auxiliary Verbs

   āωāĻĒā§°āϤ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āϕ⧰া verb āϝেāύে (am, is, are, was, were, has, have, do, does āφ⧰ু did) āχāĻšঁāϤāĻ• Primary Auxiliary Verb āĻŦুāϞি āĻ•োā§ąা āĻšāϝ়।

Wh-question words:

āĻĒ্ā§°āĻļ্āύ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āϏāĻŽূāĻš:

Who, whom, whose, what, which, how, why, when and where are called wh-question words. We use these wh-question words to ask questions.

    āĻāχ āĻ—োāϟেāχ āĻŦোā§°āĻ• wh āĻĒ্ā§°āĻļ্āύ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦুāϞি āĻ•োā§ąা āĻšāϝ়। āφāĻŽি āĻāχ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻŦোā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻļ্āύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰োঁ। 

Examples:

āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖ:

1) Who took my pen?

āĻŽোā§° āĻ•āϞāĻŽ āϟো āĻ•োāύে āϞāϞে?

2) Whom did you see? 

āϤুāĻŽি āĻ•াāĻ• āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻĒাāϞা?

3) With whom did you go there? 

āϤুāĻŽি āĻ•াā§° āϞāĻ—āϤ āϤাāϞৈ āĻ—āϞা?

4) Whose book is this?

āĻāχāĻ–āύ āĻ•াā§° āĻ•িāϤাāĻĒ?

5) What is your name?

āϤোāĻŽাā§° āύাāĻŽ āĻ•ি?

6) What do you want?

āϤুāĻŽি āĻ•ি āĻŦিāϚ⧰া?

7) Which is your book?

āϤোāĻŽাā§° āĻ•িāϤাāĻĒ āĻ•োāύ āĻ–āύ?

8) How did he come here?

āϏি āχāϝ়াāϞৈ āĻ•েāύেāĻ•ৈ āφāĻšিāϞ?

9) Why are you late?

āϤোāĻŽাā§° āĻĻেā§°ি āĻ•ী⧟ āĻšāϞ?

10) When will he come?

āϏি āĻ•েāϤিāϝ়া āφāĻšিāĻŦ?

11) Where do you live?

āϤুāĻŽি āĻ•'āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•া ।

12) Where have you come from?

āϤুāĻŽি āĻ•'ā§° āĻĒā§°া āφāĻšিāϞা?


Writing activity:

āϞিāĻ–াā§° āĻ•াā§°্āϝ্āϝāĻ•āϞাāĻĒ:

Dr. Bhupen Hazarika was born on 8 September, 1926 in Sadiya. The name of his father was Nilakanta Hazarika and his mother's name was Shantipriya Hazarika. He was a famous singer, musician, film maker and lyricist of Assam. He received the Dada Saheb Phalke award in 1992. He died on 5th November 2011. Dr. Bhupen Hazarika has been conferred Bharat Ratna posthumously.

āĻĄāĻ•্āϤ⧰ āĻ­ূāĻĒেāύ āĻšাāϜ⧰িāĻ•াā§° āϜāύ্āĻŽ ā§Ž āĻ›েāĻĒ্āϟেāĻŽ্āĻŦā§° ⧧⧝⧍ā§Ŧ āϏāĻĻি⧟াāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĻেāωāϤাāϕ⧰ āύাāĻŽ āύীāϞāĻ•াāύ্āϤ āĻšাāϜ⧰িāĻ•া āφ⧰ু āĻŽাāϕ⧰ āύাāĻŽ āĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒ্ā§°িāϝ়া āĻšাāϜ⧰িāĻ•া āφāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§° āĻŦিāĻ–্āϝাāϤ āĻ—াāϝ়āĻ•, āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ীāϤāĻ•াā§°, āĻ›āĻŦি āύিā§°্āĻŽাāϤা āφ⧰ু āĻ—িāϤāϕ⧰ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁ ⧧⧝⧝⧍ āϚāύāϤ āĻĻাāĻĻা āϚাāĻšেāĻŦ āĻĢাāϞ্āĻ•ে āĻŦঁāϟা āĻĒাāχāĻ›িāϞ। ā§Ģ āĻ¨ā§ąেāĻŽ্āĻŦā§° ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§§ āϚāύāϤ āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āĻš'āϞ। āĻĄāĻ•্āϤ⧰ āĻ­ূāĻĒেāύ āĻšাāϜ⧰িāĻ•াā§° āĻŽā§°āĻŖোāϤ্āϤ⧰ āĻ•াāϞāϤ āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āĻ­াā§°āϤ ā§°āϤ্āύ ā§°ে āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύিāϤ āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।


*Now look at the following questions and their answers:

āĻāϤিāϝ়া āϤāϞāϤ āĻĻিāϝ়া āĻĒ্ā§°āĻļ্āύ āφ⧰ু āωāϤ্āϤ⧰ āϏāĻŽূāĻš āϚোā§ąা:

1) Who was Dr. Bhupen Hazarika?

āĻĄāĻ•্āϤ⧰ āĻ­ূāĻĒেāύ āĻšাāϜ⧰িāĻ•া āĻ•োāύ āφāĻ›িāϞ?

Ans: Dr. Bhupen Hazarika was a famous singer, musician, film maker and lyricist of Assam. 

 āĻĄāĻ•্āϤ⧰ āĻ­ূāĻĒেāύ āĻšাāϜ⧰িāĻ•া āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§° āĻāϜāύ āĻŦিāĻ–্āϝাāϤ āĻ—াāϝ়āĻ•, āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ীāϤāĻ•াā§°, āĻ›āĻŦি āύিā§°্āĻŽাāϤা āφ⧰ু āĻ—িāϤāϕ⧰ āφāĻ›িāϞ।

2) When was he born?

āϤেāĻ–েāϤ⧰ āϜāύ্āĻŽ āĻ•েāϤিāϝ়া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ?

Ans: He was born on 8 September, 1926.

āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϜāύ্āĻŽ ā§Ž āĻ›েāĻĒ্āϟেāĻŽ্āĻŦā§°, ⧧⧝⧍ā§Ŧ āϚāύāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।

3) Where was he born?

āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϜāύ্āĻŽ āĻ•'āϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ?

Ans: He was born in Sadiya.

āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϜāύ্āĻŽ āĻļāĻĻিāϝ়াāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।

4) What was the name of his father?

āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĻেāωāϤাāϕ⧰ āύাāĻŽ āĻ•ি āφāĻ›িāϞ?

Ans: The name of his father was Nilakanta Hazarika.

āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĻেāωāϤাāϕ⧰ āύাāĻŽ āύীāϞāĻ•াāύ্āϤ āĻšাāϜ⧰িāĻ•া āφāĻ›িāϞ।

5) What was the name of his mother? 

āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻŽাāϕ⧰ āύাāĻŽ āĻ•ি āφāĻ›িāϞ?

Ans: The name of his mother was Shantipriya Hazarika. 

āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻŽাāϕ⧰ āύাāĻŽ āĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒ্ā§°িāϝ়া āĻšাāϜ⧰িāĻ•া āφāĻ›িāϞ।

6) When did he receive the Dada Saheb Phalke award? 

āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻĻাāĻĻা āϚাāĻšেāĻŦ āĻĢাāϞ্āĻ•ে āĻŦঁāϟা āĻ•েāϤিāϝ়া āĻĒাāχāĻ›িāϞ?

Ans: He received the Dada Saheb Phalke award in 1992.

āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻĻাāĻĻা āϚাāĻšেāĻŦ āĻĢাāϞ্āĻ•ে āĻŦঁāϟা ⧧⧝⧝⧍ āϚāύāϤ āĻĒাāχāĻ›িāϞ।

7) When did he die?

āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āĻ•েāϤিāϝ়া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ? 

Ans: He died on 5 November 2011.

āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° 5 āĻ¨ā§ąেāĻŽ্āĻŦā§° ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§§ āϤ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।


8)Given below is a paragraph on Gautam Buddha. Read the pa  ragraph and frame as many questions as you can on the basis of it.

āϤāϞāϤ āĻ—ৌāϤāĻŽ āĻŦৌāĻĻ্āϧ ā§° āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āĻāϟা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻĻিāϝ়া āφāĻ›ে। āĻĒ্ā§°āĻŦāύ্āϧ āϟো āĻĒāĻĸ়ি āϤাā§° āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āϕ⧰ি āϝিāĻŽাāύ āĻĒাā§°ি āϏিāĻŽাāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻļ্āύ āĻŦāύোā§ąা। 

Gautam Buddha was born in 563 BC in Lumbini. His father's name was Suddhodhana and his mother's name was Mayadevi. Another name of Gautam Buddha was Siddhartha. The religion Buddhism was founded on his teachings. He is also called Sakyamuni. He died in 483 BC in Kushinagar.

Lumbini: a buddhist pilgrimage site in the Rupandehi district of Nepal.

Kushinagar: a pilgrimage town in Uttarpradesh.

āĻ—ৌāϤāĻŽ āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧ⧰ āϜāύ্āĻŽ ā§Ģā§Ŧā§Š āĻ–ৃāώ্āϟāĻĒূā§°্āĻŦাāĻŦ্āĻĻā§° āϞুāĻŽ্āĻŦিāύিāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĻেāωāϤাāϕ⧰ āύাāĻŽ āĻļুāĻĻ্āĻĻুāϧāύ āφ⧰ু āĻŽাāϕ⧰ āύাāĻŽ āĻŽা⧟া āĻĻেā§ąী āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—ৌāϤāĻŽ āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧ⧰ āφāύ āĻāϟা āύাāĻŽ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাā§°্āĻĨ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻŦৌāĻĻ্āϧ āϧ⧰্āĻŽ āϟো āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻŖā§° āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒিāϤ āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āĻļāĻ•্āϝāĻŽুāύি āĻŦুāϞিāĻ“ āĻ•োā§ąা āϝাāϝ়। āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু ā§Ēā§Žā§Š āĻ–ৃāώ্āϟāĻĒূā§°্āĻŦাāĻŦ্āĻĻā§° āĻ•ুāĻļিāύāĻ—ā§°āϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। 

āϞুāĻŽ্āĻŦিāύি: āύেāĻĒাāϞ⧰ ā§°ুāĻĒāύ্āĻĻেāĻšি āϜিāϞাā§° āĻāĻ• āĻŦৌāĻĻ্āϧ āϤীā§°্āĻĨ āϏ্āĻĨāϞ।

āĻ•ুāĻļিāύāĻ—ā§°: āωāϤ্āϤ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻেāĻļā§° āĻāĻ• āϤীā§°্āĻĨ āϚāĻšā§°।

 


Mayuri Saikia 

M.A in English 


Check By- Mukesh Borah

Post ID : DABP002827