Chapter 2
Stages of Human Development
Questionnaire
(1) What is the difference between growth and development?
Answer: The difference between growth and development is:
1. Growth is the continuous increase in body shape, weight, height and skeleton. Development, on the other hand, refers to the performance , physical performance, etc. created by that shape, weight, height, etc.
2. Growth is a temporary process in human life. But development is a lifelong process.
3. The growth perimeter is narrow. On the other hand, the scope of development is wide.
( 2 ) What are the stages of development of human life ?
Answer: There are four stages of development in human life. They are:
1. Childhood (birth to 5 years of age)
2 .Childhood ( 6 years to 12 years )
3. Adolescence ( 12 to 18 years of age )
4. Adulthood( 18 years to.......... )
(3) What is the name of the age stage from birth to 5 years?
Answer: The stage from birth to 5 years of age is called childhood.
(4) What is the name of the age group from 12 to 18 years?
Answer: The stage of age from 12 to 18 years is called adolescence.
(5) Write down three characteristics of development. Why is childhood called the age of schooling?
Answer: The three characteristics of development are:
1. The process of development is mainly dependent on heredity and environmental influences. These two effects contribute to the development of the child.
2. Development is a continuous long-term process. therefore, a clear spacing of its levels cannot be determined.
3. The pace of development is not always normal and homogeneous. From time to time, this movement becomes faster and slower. Childhood is the second stage of personal development. This period is usually called childhood, between the ages of 6 and Children are able to read and write during this period. During this time, children are able to read, write, and count. They are able to follow the prevailing rules and regulations of the school. Children become interested in learning about the outside world during this time. And during this time, children are mentally able to go to school. Therefore, childhood is called the age of schooling.
(7) Why do children ask questions often?
Answer: During childhood, children become interested in observing and learning about their surroundings. As a result, many logical and irrational questions come into the child's restless and playful mind. And to get answers to those questions, children disturb adults by asking many reasonable and irrational questions. They keep asking questions until they get answers to the questions they have in mind.Therefore, children ask questions frequently during childhood. This period of childhood is called the " age of questioning ". The adult should answer the child's questions. It promotes the mental and intellectual development of children.
(8) What is childhood?
Answer: The stage from birth to 5 years of age is called childhood. It is the first stage of human life. This period is considered to be the most important period of human life as it is the foundation of human development. During this period, physical and mental abilities develop rapidly. And a person's future depends largely on the development of physical and mental abilities during this period. Children's language develops during childhood. They learn to talk. Children become interested in learning about their surroundings during this time.
(9) Write down 5 characteristics of childhood.
Answer: The stage from birth to 5 years of age is called childhood. It is the first stage of human life. This period is considered to be the most important period of human life. During this period, physical and mental abilities develop rapidly. Childhood is characterized by:
1. Rapid physical development: Children develop rapidly after birth. Birth weight doubles in the first five months and triples within a year. Increases body height. Within a year, both legs begin to grow teeth. After birth, the ability to move the limbs begins to increase. Gradually they become able to walk.
2. Language development: From about six months of age. Several vague sounds are made in the mouth. Later, these pronunciations become words and languages. A year later, a few sounds can be heard. By the age of five, children acquire language by listening to the voices of their fathers and mothers and other family members. And children are known to speak well.
3. Imitation: Imitation is an important characteristic of childhood. Children love imitation. This is. They learn language, eating, dressing and flying from their parents and other family members due to their love of imitation. Children follow adults in everything. And children learn everything from adults.
4. Curiosity: One of the characteristics of childhood is curiosity. Children become interested in observing and learning about their surroundings. As a result, with a restless and playful mind, they disturb the elders by asking many logical and irrational questions. This period of childhood is called the age of questioning. The adult should answer the child's questions. It promotes the mental and intellectual development of children.
5. Imagination- Tendency: Children are usually imaginative. Children enjoy living in the kingdom of imagination. However, excessive imagination confuses the distinction between reality and fantasy.
(10) What is childhood? Write down 3 characteristics of childhood.
Answer: Childhood is the second stage of personal development. This period is usually called childhood, between the ages of 6 and Childhood can be divided into two parts. such as early childhood and late childhood. Early childhood is considered to be the age of 6-8 years and late childhood is the age of 9-12 years. Childhood is generally referred to as the "age of schooling" Children are able to read and write during this period.
The three characteristics of childhood are:
1. Intellectual development: Children develop intellectually during this period. Increased mental development leads to intellectual improvement. They acquire the power of mental faculties such as memory, attention , constructive imagination, and thinking. Their thinking power increases.
2. Action- tendencies: Sports-tendencies are a characteristic of childhood. Children like to play during this time. During this time, sitting stupid children enjoy playing outside instead of playing at home as they did in childhood. The characteristic of children's sporting tendencies during this period is that they want to play with everyone in groups rather than individually.
3. Team loyalty: Loyalty to the team is a characteristic of childhood. Children usually form teams for play. They elect the party leader to lead the party. The team is organized and managed under the direction of the team leader. There are also rules for expulsion from the party if they do not follow the rules and regulations of the party. Party loyalty creates a democratic spirit.
(11) What is the period of time? Why is adolescence called a time of storms and oppression?
Answer: Adolescence is the period from 12 to 18 years of human life. During this time, the body organs grow and become stronger. The sexual glands become active. Children gain reproductive capacity. Opposite sexism is a special symptom of this period. Girls become menstruating and boys become ejaculated. Boys gain masculinity and girls gain femininity.
American thinker Stanley Holley: Adolescence is a time of storm and oppression. Adolescence is a rapid development in children's physical, mental, emotional and sexual lives and results in many changes. Boys gain masculinity and girls gain femininity. Therefore, children are attracted to the opposite sex during this time. The emotional development of adolescence makes them unable to control their emotions. The changes in their sexual lives create a pain in their lives that causes adolescents to want to reduce their sexual pain and engage in some immoral activities. These changes in sexual life experiences create a storm and pain in the lives of adolescents. That is why adolescence is called a time of storms and oppression
12. List the 5 physical and mental needs of childhood.
Answer: The stage from birth to 5 years of age is called childhood. It is the first stage of human life. This period is said to be the foundation of the development of human life. During this period, physical and mental abilities develop rapidly. During childhood, children begin to grow rapidly. And children have certain physical and mental needs. The physical and mental needs of childhood are:
1. Need for security: Children grow up in families and feel safe physically and mentally. They seek help and sympathy from their elders in times of trouble.The assurance of help and sympathy removes fear from the mind and increases courage.
2. Need to satisfy curiosity : Children are curious and are eager to learn about various objects, subjects, situations, etc. around them. In this case, the child keeps the adult busy by asking questions. Adults should also patiently satisfy children's curiosity. This is because it helps in the mental and intellectual development of children.
3. Physical care: Humans are the best creatures, but they cannot do anything by themselves after birth. Human children are physically dependent and need physical care. The parents or other family members have to take care of the child's feeding, clothing, health, etc. Mothers play an immense role in meeting physical needs.
4. Needs love: Children need love from everyone. Affection helps children mentally and emotionally. They are encouraged and motivated in everything they do through love. Courage comes to mind. Without love, children can sometimes become mentally ill or criminals.
5. Need for freedom : Children are independent minded and free thinking is especially important in their nature. Children do not like to be ruled by others and ruled by others. Children may cry or throw objects in protest if there is a slight exception to their preferences. Children should be given as much freedom as possible.
13. List the 5 physical and mental needs of adolescence.
Answer: Adolescence is usually the period from 12 to 18 years. Adolescents are characterized by physical and mental changes. Children gain reproductive capacity. Opposite sexism is a special symptom of this period. Girls become menstruating and boys become ejaculated. Children have certain needs during adolescence.
The physical and mental needs of adolescence are:
1. Physical Practice: Physical development is rapid during adolescence and therefore moderate nutrition is required to maintain strength. There are many ways to get a beautiful body. Pay attention to appropriate body clothing and hygiene at all times.
2. Sexual needs: During adolescence, children experience a strong desire to satisfy sexual satisfaction. Therefore, the necessary sexual education should be given to manage sexual instincts. So that they can control their sexual desires and understand the rights and wrongs.
3. Intellectual needs: Adolescents want to acquire new things or new knowledge to meet their intellectual needs. Everyone should try to meet their intellectual needs. And for this, family members as well as educational institutions should be involved in some intellectual development.
4. Need for Social Security: Adolescents need social security. Because they cannot survive without society. They like to form teams. They want the love and attention of adults. Adolescents should be given the opportunity to participate in social activities. So that they can adapt to the society.
5. Need for independence: Adolescents feel the need to work independently. They want to do things according to their own wishes. And if they are interrupted in everything they do and cannot do things on their own, they suffer from mental distress and this causes a sense of rebellion for the family. Therefore, parents and teachers should not discipline them harshly.
(14) Write down 5 problems of adolescence.
Answer: Adolescence is the period from 12 to 18 years of human life. During this time, the body organs grow and become stronger. The sexual glands become active. Children gain reproductive capacity. Opposite sexism is a special symptom of this period. Girls become menstruating and boys become ejaculated. Increases digestive function, blood circulation , blood pressure, etc. Boys gain masculinity and girls gain femininity. Physical changes cause various problems during puberty.
The five problems of adolescence are:
1. Sexual problems: The main problem of adolescents is sexual problems. Teenagers experience strange sexual urges in their youthful lives. The result is fear , hesitation , shame, anxiety, secrecy, and criminal tendencies. Sometimes teenagers fail to adjust to their sex lives. These are the reasons why sexual problems occur. Therefore, proper sex education should be provided to adolescents.
2 Social Problems: Adolescents seek social recognition and social advancement. Their attitudes and ideals towards society do not match those of adults. In other words, there is a conflict between the old and the new in the observance of the customs, traditions, ideals, etc. of the society. As a result, adolescents have problems in social adjustment.
3. Emotional problems: Emotions are strong during adolescence and there is no control over them. As a result, they lose emotional control in various situations and behave violently and destructively in anger and annoyance. Love- affection , hope- disappointment , jealousy etc. make them emotional. Teenagers are unable to control their emotions and face some problems.
4. Leisure Problems: There is no proper education system for adolescents to enjoy their leisure time. Their infinite energy is wasted by not using their abilities properly. In such circumstances, they sometimes engage in anti-social and criminal activities.
5. Problems of criminality: Criminality is a burning problem in adolescence. There are many evil forces such as leisure problems, unemployment, drug and alcohol use, moral decline of society, unethical politics, power craze, etc. that create a crime-prone environment in society. These have a huge impact on the lives of teenagers. As a result, criminal behavior problems arise in the lives of adolescents.
(15) What is party loyalty?
Answer: Loyalty to the team is a characteristic of childhood. Children usually form teams for play. They elect the party leader to lead the party. Teams are organized and managed under the direction of the team leader. There are also rules for expulsion from the party if they do not follow the rules and regulations of the party. Party loyalty creates a democratic spirit. In childhood, children are known to form groups. They like to form groups with people of their choice. And it expresses their friendship.
16. What is heterosexuality?
Answer: Sexual life during adolescence is called heterosexuality. During adolescence, adolescents undergo physical changes and become physically mature. Girls become menstruating and boys become ejaculated. Increases digestive function, blood circulation , blood pressure, etc. Teenagers are attracted to the opposite sex because boys become masculine and girls become female. And boys start loving girls and girls start loving boys. Heterosexuality is a normal process during adolescence. Their sexual tendency increases due to physical changes. And as a result, they start to like the opposite sex.
17. What is omniscience?
Answer: Omnipotence is a characteristic of childhood. Children think that all inanimate objects, like animals, have life. Because of this concept, the child cannot distinguish between vitality and inanimateness. They think that even inanimate objects can move, feel happiness and sorrow. Children believe that everything has life. For example, a child cries when he falls to the ground and feels pain. If someone blames the land and beats it, they enjoy thinking that the land is taking revenge.
(18) Briefly write about the childhood education system.
Answer: Childhood is the first stage of life. During this time, the child develops physically, mentally, and emotionally. Education should be provided taking into account the development and physical and mental needs of the child.
Childhood education systems are:
1. Pay attention to the development of children's latent talents.
2. Create a healthy and peaceful environment in education.
3. Education should be provided through play, dance, etc. This is because playing, dancing, etc. gives children joy. This is a good way to improve the physical and mental aspects of the child.
4. Try to meet the child's aspirations, tastes, etc. Emphasis should be placed on ensuring that these are managed properly.
5. Emphasize the development of children's thinking and imagination.
6. Children should be taught in their mother tongue first. This is because at this time the child is only learning to master.
Early childhood education should incorporate these aspects. Only then will the child's development be possible.
(19) Briefly write about the early childhood education system.
Answer: The second stage of human development is childhood. Children start going to school in childhood because they know how to read and write. Childhood is a time of learning. Education should be provided according to the characteristics of childhood. Early childhood education systems are:
1. Children are realistic and extroverted during childhood. Therefore, real experience should be provided in the education system. Therefore, education should be taught through work.
2. Necessary action should be taken to improve the tendencies that have become stronger during this period.
3. Basic knowledge of health care should be given at this level. Pay attention to cleanliness.
4. Children should be allowed to play and do other activities in groups with a view to team loyalty. It helps in their physical and social development.
5. Children should be educated according to their interests. Teachers should teach through understanding and love. Early childhood education should focus on the characteristics of children.
(20) Briefly describe the early childhood education system.
Answer: Adolescence is the period from 12 to 18 years of human life. During this time, the body organs grow and become stronger. The sexual glands become active. Children gain reproductive capacity. Opposite sexism is a special symptom of this period. Girls become menstruating and boys become sperm-bearing. Therefore, it is very important to provide proper education to the adolescents during adolescence as physical and mental changes increase rapidly during adolescence.
Adolescent education systems are:
1. Flexible and distributed curriculum should be provided in secondary schools with more freedom according to the differences in interests, tastes, abilities etc. of adolescents.
2. The physical strength of young people increases during adolescence. Therefore, schools should provide various sports, exercises, yoga, etc. Physical education should be provided with attention to their physical health.
3. Educate about the honest use of leisure time. Students should be kept busy with their favorite subjects or activities. Therefore, co-curriculum should be provided in schools.
4. Sex education should be provided to adolescents. This helps to remove sexual misconceptions and problems.
5. Vocational education should be provided in secondary education. This is because students who are unsuitable for higher education. They will be more attracted to vocational education.
6. Students should develop socially conscious attitude through social activities. Justice, equality, friendship , cooperation , values should be taught.
( 21 ) Write about the influence of the home environment on child development.
Answer: The influence of the home environment is very important in the development of children. Children grow up in the home environment from birth and healthy development of children is possible only if the home environment is healthy. Therefore, the influence of the home environment plays a very important role in the development of children.
1. Physical effects: Babies drink breast milk after birth. It protects the child from various diseases. The child should be physically cared for. Children develop their language during childhood. Children begin to learn language from family members. Therefore, fathers and mothers as well as other family members should pay attention to the speech so that the child can master the language well. Home environment influences children's language development
2. The effect of love: Children want love from everyone. Affection helps children mentally and emotionally. They are encouraged and motivated in everything they do through love. This is because the child's need for love from the family can be met. Therefore, the home environment should always be kept loving and positive. The role of the home is significant in meeting the need for love.
3. Effect of Discipline : Discipline is needed to run all the affairs of human life properly. Discipline should be well developed from an early age. Consistency, discipline, etc. in daily actions and behaviors develop an attitude of loyalty and discipline in the mind of the child.
4. Moral influence: The family helps to maintain the quality of life of the child. The child is influenced by the actions and behavior of family members, judgments of right and wrong, sin and virtue, right and wrong. Because children follow adults.
5. Emotional impact: A healthy home environment affects the emotional aspects of children. Affection from parents and other family members provides emotional security to children. Only when the child is emotionally healthy is he able to control his emotions and which is reflected in the child's behaviour. Therefore, a healthy home environment improves the emotional aspects of children. It makes children brave and self-reliant. Therefore, a healthy home environment is essential for the holistic development of children. Children grow up in the home environment and the home is the first place where children acquire knowledge. Therefore, the role of the home environment in child development is significant.
