Chapter 5
The nomadic empire
Exercises
1. Give a very brief answer
(a) Who was the bride?
Answer: Juaini was a Persian chronicler of the Mongol rulers of Iran in the late 11th century.
(b) In which century was the Great Wall of China built?
Answer: The Great Wall of China was built in the 1220s.
(c) When did Genghis Khan die?
Answer: Genghis Khan died in
(d) When was the Mongolian democracy established?
Answer: The Mongolian Republic was established in 1921 AD.
(e) Who is considered the greatest leader of the Mongols?
Genghis Khan is considered to be the greatest leader of the Mongols .
(f) Who was Ghazan Khan?
Ghazan Khan was the ruler of the first Ilkhanid family to convert to Islam.
2. Write the short answer:
(a) Why was trade so important to the Mughals?
Answer: The Mongols and Central Asian nomadic tribes encouraged trade between the two sides. They put pressure on each other to make more profits in trade . There was a lot of tension. The Mongols united and took away trade routes from the Chinese. Therefore, the Mongol trade was very important.
(b) Why did Genghis Khan feel the need to divide the Mughal tribes into social and military groups?
Genghis Khan felt it necessary to divide the Mughal tribes into social and military groups as the Mughal rulers recruited soldiers from all ethnic and religious groups for the administrative and army forces and the Mughals established a well-integrated system of rule.
(c) How does the reaction of the late Mongols to Yasa awaken in what way their anxious association with the memory of Genghis Khan?
Answer: The Mongols built a very complex urban empire with culture and laws. Yasar is a compilation of the old customs and heritage of the Mongol tribe. The Mongols considered it the law of Genghis Khan and placed him in the line of law like Moses and Solomon.
(d) 'If history relies on the records of urban writers, then historical nomadic societies will always be known as hostile (yuyutsu)' 一Do you agree with this statement? Does this explain why Persian historians exaggerate the number of people killed in Mongol campaigns?
Answer:
3. Essay-like questions:
(a) Do their respective historical experiences, written with the nomadic elements of Mongol and Bedouin society in mind, differ? What would you interpret as the reason for this variation?
Answer: The nomadic elements of Mongol and Bedouin societies are mentioned in terms of their own historical experiences
The Mongols, under Genghis Khan, adapted their traditional social and political customs and developed a complex system of rule and a formidable military apparatus. The religious system and economic system of the people ruled a country. This means that the Mongols conquered recently. They could not impose the heritage traditions of the steppe region in which they lived. So they made a new system and formed a nomadic empire by compromise. The empire was profoundly influenced by the history of Eurasia. The Mongols' society and character changed forever.
The nomadic society relied mainly on the background, travel stories created by urban writers. This is because the people of the grasslands themselves did not create any literature. Residents of the grassland areas submitted one-sided reports on the displaced. Some of them served in the court of the Mongol emperor. They were Turks, Muslims, Confucians, Buddhists and Christians.
The historical resources of the Mongol Empire, which extended from the continent to Europe, were written in different languages. The languages were Mongolian, Chinese, Arabic and Persian. They wrote the same book in two languages, but they disagreed. For example, the earliest writing about Genghis Khan, Mongol-un niuea tobea' an (The secret History of the Mongols), differed between the Mongolian and Chinese versions. Since the Mongols' own literary creation was limited. They were written by scholars in foreign cultural settings. The secret History of the Mongois by the scholars Igor de Rachewiltz and Gerhard Doerfer were of Mongolian and Turkish words. He pointed out the difficulties involved in studying the history of the nomads of Central Asia.
In the first decade of the 11th century, Genghis Khan united the Mongols. Genghis was commanded by God to rule the world, but during his lifetime he established domination over the Mongol tribes. He spent time in occasional expeditions to the steppes of Afghanistan, eastern Iran, northern China, Russia and Transaxiana. Genghis Khan established a vast empire after realizing his dream . That great empire was the first empire in the world.
(b) How far can the following notes expand on the characteristics of the Pax Mongolica, founded by the Mongols in the middle of the thirteenth century?
The characteristics of the Pax Mongolica, founded by the Mongols in the middle of the eleventh century, are discussed below
The Mongolian expansion is divided into two parts: (1) During 1236-42 AD, it expanded to the Rus-Steppe region, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary and Kiev. (2) During the period 1255-1300 AD, he conquered all of China (1279), Syria, Iraq and Iran.
There was increased pressure for nomadic settlement from the new Mongol settlements. From the middle of the eleventh century, fathers with shares in all brothers and sisters gradually moved away from common property and the system of shared rule by a family gained importance. The nomadic tradition has long existed among the inhabitants of the steppes of Central Asia and Russia. The descendants of Genghis Khan were divided into different clans, which changed the dynastic traditions of the past. These were the result of competition between clans that had separated several men from Genghis Khan's original dynasty.
By the middle of the eleventh century, the Mongols had emerged in an organized form. They formed the largest empire in the world. They built a complex urban society with culture and laws. The Mongols established political domination of the region. The Mongols were in small numbers. The Mongols also received secret laws from men that helped them preserve their own identity and characteristics. They had the advantage of embracing various aspects of a permanent lifestyle as opposed to a nomadic lifestyle to preserve their identity and impose their own rules on the people when they were defeated.
When Genghis Khan captured Bukhara in 1221 AD, he gathered the wealthy Muslim inhabitants at the festival site and warned them. Genghis Khan called them sinners and asked them to atone for their sins by giving him secret treasures. The incident had been discussed among the people for a long time.
The size of the Mughal Empire in the eleventh century and the people of various castes and religions belonging to it are discussed. The Mongols were people of different religions. They were Buddhism, Christianity, Shamanism and finally Islam. The Mongols never influenced their religion in public affairs. Their religious system formed many ethnic, religious and linguistic peoples. During the late Mughal Empire, there were changes in various environments.
( c) Describe how state formation is possible in a nomadic society.
Answer: State structure of nomadic society The nomadic people did not live in one place. The Mongol nomads, neighbors of the empire established in China, were ordinary people. They lived socially, simply and economically. Central Asian nomadic societies were like islands of solitude in the sea of historical change. Those societies also communicated with each other.
The Mongols invented new ways to form a nomadic empire through compromise. The empire had a profound impact on the history of Eurasia. The inhabitants of the grasslands did not create any literature themselves. Therefore, the nomadic community relied on travel stories and documents created by urban writers. The achievements of the Mongol emperors attracted many scholars. They challenged the stories created in Eurasian cities against these nomads in the steppes. Under such circumstances, the picture of the nomadic Mongols became more complicated. Historically, the Mongol nomads are called 'primitive barbarians' The word barbarian is the Greek word Barbaros. It means Non-Greek whose language seemed to be harsh.
The nomads had different agricultural economic, social and political organizations but both societies were similar to close relatives. The meager resources of the steppes allowed the settlers of Central Asian and Mongolian nomadic tribes to trade with neighboring China. Trade was essential for both Mongolia and Central Asia. Business was not easy – because each side pressured the other for more profits. Mongol traders plundered China.
(d) Describe the eventful life of Genghis Khan.
William of Rubruck, a Franciscan monk, was sent by Louis IX of France as a guardian to the court of the Great Khan. In 1254 he reached Karakoram, the queen of Monk, where he met a woman named Paquette of Lorraine (France). He was brought from Hangebi and employed in the service of a prince's wife. This wife was a Nestorian Christian. At the royal court, William also met Guillaume Boucher, a Parisian goldsmith. Boucher’s brother worked at the Grand Pont in Paris. This man was first appointed by Queen Sarghaqtani and later by Monke's brother. William of Rubruk saw that the Nestorian priests were the first to be invited to bless the Great Khan with royal dignity at the vast festivities of the royal court. They were followed by Muslim, Buddhist and Taoist monks.
Answer: Genghis Khan had an eventful life
Genghis Khan is known as a city destroyer, a conquering hero and a murderer of thousands. He was the greatest leader of all time for the Mongols. They looked down on nomadic tribes from the grasslands of Iran, China, and Eastern Europe in the eleventh century.
Genghis Khan was born in 1162 AD near the Anan River in northern Mongolia. He was the chief leader of a family called Kiat. Genghis Khan's mother's name was Yesugei. Genghis' childhood name was Temujin. Genghis Khan's father was killed when he was young. Jesus' mother, Alun, worked hard to raise the same brothers and sisters. Despite all the suffering, problems did not leave him.
In the 1180s and 1190s, he defeated Temujin's one-time friend Jemuka. After defeating Jemuka, Temujin gained confidence and went on to fight against the other tribes. In 1203 AD, he defeated the powerful Tatars Kereit and Angkhan, who had killed his father. In 1206 AD, he defeated Jamuka and the Naimans and monopolized the politics of the Temujin steppes. gives Temujin the title of Genghis Khan, Universal Ruler or Maritime Khan. First, Genghis Khan planned to conquer China. China was divided into three kingdoms. They were:
1) The northwestern states of the Chi-Chiars of Tibetan origin,
2. Northern China ruled by the Jurachan Huch Chinese dynasty from Piking and
3. Southern China State ruled by the Chang Dynasty.
By 1209 AD, the Chi-Chia had been defeated. In 1213, the famous mighty Wall of China was broken down and Peking was besieged in 1215. The Mongols fought a long war with the Chinese until Genghis Khan, satisfied with his successful campaigns, returned to his homeland in 1216, leaving the region to his successor.
Juaini mentioned that Genghis Khan killed 1,300,000 people in Marv. He was busy with military campaigns all his life. His military achievements were also remarkable. In 1227, Genghis Khan died.
4. The Write a brief note:
a) Conquest of Bukhara
Answer: Bukhara Jai: Zuwaini was a Persian chronicler of the Mongol rulers of Iran in the late 11th century. In 1220 he wrote an account of Bukharajaya. After conquering the city, according to Juwaini's report, Genghis Khan went to the city's festival grounds. He went there and said to the rich people: O people, you have sinned and the best of you has sinned even more. If you want proof of this, I will say that sin is the punishment of God.
He allowed Genghis Khan to punish them. One of the wealthy people fled after the capture of Bukhara and went to Khurshan. And they took him, and asked him concerning the city, and he said unto them, They have slain men, and set it on fire, and have plundered it, and gone away.
b) Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan was born in 1162 AD near the Anan River in northern Mongolia . Genghis' childhood name was Temujin. His father died when he was young. Genghis' mother, Oelun-eke, raised her brothers and sisters with great difficulty. After that, he did not leave any problems behind. Genghis fought to save his wife. During this disaster, he met some faithful friends. He was Deka Baghurchu's first and lifelong friend. Another friend was his family brother Baghuchuk.
Before the Kuriltai Council of 1206, Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a more orderly and effective military force. This enabled him to succeed in future expeditions. Genghis first planned to conquer China. China was still divided into three kingdoms. In 1213, the famous and powerful walls of China were broken down and in 1215, Peking was besieged. Genghis Khan, satisfied with his successful campaigns, returned to Mongolia in 1216, leaving the region to his successor. Sultan Muhammad, the ruler of Khuarazm, was the victim of Genghis Khan's terror for executing Mongol soldiers.
Genghis Khan was a conquering hero and a murderer of all people. Genghis Khan looked upon the nomadic tribes from the steppes with fear and hatred. Yet he was the greatest leader of all time for the Mongols. Genghis Khan died in 1227 AD.
c) Account of the cost of the Mongol destruction
Answer: The Mongols were people of different ethnic groups. They were related to the former Tatar, Manch, Khitan and Western Turkic tribes for language reasons. The Mongols were hunters and some herders. The herders raised goats and horses. They raised cattle and camels. The Mongols lived nomadically in the steppes of Central Asia.
He conquered countries that did not accept Genghis Khan's authority. After conquering those countries, Genghis Khan killed a large number of people. For that reason, all reports agreed. In 1220, when he conquered Nichapur, he killed 1,747,000 people. In 1222, he attacked Hirat with 1,600,000 men and in 1258, he attacked Baghdad. They massacred 800,000 people in Baghdad. They killed 70,000 people in Nasa, 12,000 in Tun in the province of Kuhistan and 70,000 in the district of Baihak.
The Persian chronicler Juwaini mentioned that 1,300,000 people were killed in Marv. They counted 100,000 each day and completed the count in 13 days.
d) Yach
Answer: Yasa is called Yasaq. It means a declaration or command. By the middle of the 11th century, the Mongols had emerged in an organized form and formed the largest empire. Yacha is a collection of old customs and heritage of the Mongol tribes. The Mongols took Yachar Genghis Khan to the ranks of legislators like Moses and Solomon. This is because it was easier to establish dominance among the people of certain areas.
Yacha helped the Mongols integrate into different environments. They covered various aspects of a settled lifestyle as opposed to a nomadic way of life. When Genghis Khan captured Bukhara in 1221, he gathered its wealthy Muslim inhabitants for a festival and warned them. Genghis Khan said they were sinners. He asked him to give him the secret treasure to atone for his sins. This incident was dramatic and was discussed for a long time.
