Chapter 6
Changing heritage
Exercises
1. Give a very short answer:
(a) In which year did Vasco da Gama arrive in the port of Calcutta?
Vasco da Gama arrived in the port of Calcutta in 1498 AD .
(b) When did the Peasant Revolt in Britain take place?
Answer: The Peasant Revolt in Britain took place in 1381 AD.
(c) When was the Tudor dynasty established in England?
Answer: The Tudor dynasty was founded in England in 1485 AD.
(d) In which language was Don Quixote written?
Answer: 'Don Quixote was written in Spanish.
(e) Which novel is considered to be the first novel in the world written in Spanish?
Answer: The world's first novel written in Spanish, Don Quixote, was marked.
(f) Corn was first grown in which archipelago?
Answer: The first maize was cultivated in the West Indian Archipelago.
(g) What is the 'Tith' of Rome?
Answer: Tith is the annual payment of 10/1 of the produce of their land by the farmers .
(h) Who wrote the Canterbury Tale?
The Canterbury Tale was written by Chachar of England .
(i) When were cathedrals built in France?
Answer: Cathedrals were built in France from the 12th century.
(j) Which pope made Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor?
Answer: Charlemagne was made Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III.
2. Answer briefly:
(a) Describe two characteristics of early feudal society in France.
Answer: Two characteristics of the early feudal society of France were:
(a) Crops are grown in ditches adjacent to forts and houses.
(b) Monasteries are established.
(b) How did long-term population changes affect European economies and societies?
Answer: Long-term population changes led European historians to write about regional history and a village. Since the Middle Ages, valuable resources, objects, documents, legal records, records of births, marriages and deaths have been accumulated in large quantities
(c) How did the Knights develop into a separate party? And when do they decline?
Answer: The knights developed as a separate group because of the frequent local wars in Europe from the 9th century onwards. There were quite a few peasant-soldiers. This shortage led to the emergence of a new class of folk knights.
(d) What was the function of medieval monasteries?
Answer: While the priests lived among the people of the city and the village, some baptized Christians lived alone. The place where they lived was called a monastery.
It was the work of medieval monasteries
1. A monk had to take an oath to spend the rest of his life in a monastery.
2. They had to take an oath to study prayer and spend their time in physical labor such as working on the farm.
3. Essay-like questions:
(a) Imagine and describe a day in the life of a carpenter in a medieval French city.
Answer:
(b) State the difference between the life of the French serf and the slave of Rome.
The difference between the life of a French surf and that of a Roman slave is as follows :
There were two classes of the majority of society: (1) free peasants or slaves and (2) serfs.
(1) Freed peasants or slaves - they were conditionally taken from the master or landowner. Their men had to serve in the military 40 days a year to help the landowners. Farming families had to cultivate the land of the landowners three or more days a week. The produce of the cultivation had to be given directly to the owner. The farmers had to help the owners with digging canals, fenced roads, repairing houses and many other tasks.
In addition to helping with all these things, their wives and children have to help with other things. Those people made things, and made candles. He made wine for his master with the juice of the grapes.
2. The French Serfs- The serfs farmed and got the land they farmed from the lord. Most of the produce of the agricultural land received by the surfers had to be given to the landowner. They had to work on their own land and the wages of that work were not paid by the surfs. Moreover, the Serfs could not go elsewhere without the Lord's permission.
The landowner claimed many exclusive privileges from the serfs. They could only grind flour and flour in the owner's mill. The surfers could only bake bread in the owner's kiln and make beer or wine with the owner's machinery. The Lord also decided whom the surfs could marry. The surfers also had to pay a fee to the owners for these approvals.
These were the differences between the slaves of Rome and the French serfs.
(c) Describe the relationship between the new emperor and the aristocracy.
Answer: The relationship between the new emperor and the aristocracy is discussed below:
The cities of the Roman Empire were destroyed after its fall. However, with the increase in agriculture from the eleventh century onwards, many people were able to support themselves. That is when the cities were built. A church was established in the city. At the same time, roads were built to the city, and merchants built shops and houses along the roads. built cities around large churches. In the cities, the citizens paid taxes instead of manual labor. They could collect money by hiring there. The city dwellers were also freed from the control of the feudal lords. Many of the city's inhabitants were free farmers and runaway serfs. Later, the place needed banks and lawyers. The population of the big city had increased to about 30,0
The aristocrats were second-class people. They played a central role in the social order. This is because, they controlled the land. The nobles of the vast lands were subject to the king, and the peasants were subject to them. The elite enjoyed privileged status. He had his own court and he also made coins. He was the elite of all the inhabitants of the land. He owned a lot of land.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, European kings gained their military and financial power. The new powerful state formation they established was significant for the economic transformation of Europe. Historians therefore called these kings the New monarchs. France was ruled by Henry VII in England, Louis XI, Isabella, Maximilian in Austria, and full monarchy in Spain.
The success of the new emperors was due to social changes in the twelfth and eleventh centuries, the decline of the feudalism of the tributary rulers, and the slow pace of land ownership and economic development that allowed the kings to control all their powerful subjects. The king stopped recruiting troops from the feudal rulers in times of war and formed an army with his own professional, regular training and weapons. The elite resistance was weakened before the king's guns.
The new emperors collected substantial rents by increasing taxes. They formed a huge army and used it to defend the kingdom. They expanded the borders and he suppressed those who opposed his power. In that case, the elite got in the way. Such rebellions in England were suppressed in 1497,1536, 1547, 1549, and The elite changed its form to survive. They adopted a strategy. For those reasons, they called it a modified form of king feudalism.
In the new system, the king was not at the top of the pyramid-like rule. All monarchs, weak or strong, sought the cooperation of this elite. The king had a way of gaining such cooperation. Sponsorship could also be obtained in exchange for money. By virtue of that money, the non-aristocratic elements, bankers and merchants, were able to take their places in the royal court. They lent money to the king.
(d) Provide a critical discussion of the three medieval categories.
After the fall of the Roman Empire , Germanic peoples from Eastern and Central Europe settled in various parts of Italy, France and Spain. Social organizations were busy controlling land. There were three medieval classes and they are
1) Christian priests,
2. Landlords are elite and
3) Farmers.
These are discussed below.
1) The Clergy - The bishops and priests were the pioneers of Christianity in Europe. They belonged to the first class. The church was in its law cathely. They enjoyed the land given by the rulers. The pope was the church in western Europe. He lived in Rome. All villages had their own churches. Prayers were held every Sunday in those churches. There the priest preached Jesus. Not all people could become priests. The priest who could never get married. The bishops were religious elites and lived in large buildings . The peasants were to pay the bishops 10/1 of the produce of the farmland annually.
The priests lived among the people of the city and the countryside. Some of the baptized Christians lived alone. The place where they lived was called Abbeys or Monasteries. The word comes from the Greek word 'mones' It means living alone. St. Benedict largely founded two monasteries. These monasteries were:
1. Founded the Italian monastery in 529 AD, and
2. Cluny of Burgundy was founded in 910 AD.
2. The landed elite (The nobility)- The elite were the second class people. Their social order played a central role. This is because, they controlled the land. The land control became taxable ( Vassalage) due to the development of the custom. The nobles were tributary rulers of the king and the peasants were their tributaries. A nobleman considered the king to be his elder brother or husband. The mutual agreement was between the king and the aristocracy.
The elite enjoyed privileged status. They were able to gain complete control and recruit soldiers ( Feudal levies). The aristocrats minted coins. The Lord was the aristocrat of all the inhabitants who inhabited his land. He owned many properties. These lands contain the master's private farmland, buildings, subordinate servants, pastures, and houses for the farmers. That house is called the manor.
3) Free and subjugated peasants- (Peasants, free and unfree) There are two types of peasants- free peasants and serfs.
Free farmers were judges taken from landowners for field conditions. Farming families were required to cultivate the Lord's land on certain days of the week. The produce of the cultivation was to be given to the owner. Men are required to assist the landowner 40 days a year. In addition, the farmers helped the owners to gather firewood, fence, dig canals, build houses and other works without any reason. In addition to farming, the farmers had to work with their wives and children. For example, wax making, object making and rope knitting. They had to press the grapes and make wine and give it to the owner. The priests and nobles did not have to do these things for the king.
The serfs got the land they farmed from the lord. They farmed there. They had to give most of the produce to the landowners. The serfs could not go anywhere else without the Lord's permission. They had to grind flour and meal in the owner's mill.
(e) What is a church city? Explain the determination of cathedrals.
Answer: Church means monastery. Most villages had their own churches. Mass prayers were offered here every Sunday.
The technique of building the cathedrals is discussed below:
From the 12th century onwards, large churches called cathedrals were built in France. These were the property of Christian monasteries. Some individuals contributed financially and physically to the construction of the cathedrals. The cathedrals took many years to build. The cathedrals were built of stone. While the cathedrals were being built, population settlements were increasing all around. Once the cathedrals were completed, a small town was created around them.
The cathedrals were built in such a way that people inside the halls could hear the voices of the priests clearly. The monks prayed in the cathedral. The voices of the monks were very beautiful to hear. From a distance he heard the sound of bells and the call for prayer. They painted the windows with colored stained glass. The cathedrals were illuminated by sunlight during the day and by candlelight at night. The candlelight was visible to those outside the cathedral.
4. The Write a brief note:
a) Feudalism
Answer: Feudalism - By the ninth and eleventh centuries, there were certain changes in the rural areas of Western Europe. The Charlemagne Empire in western and central Europe soon collapsed in the early ninth century, but it retained urban centers and commercial expansion. The internal result of all these changes was feudalism. In this system, crops are grown in ditches adjacent to houses and forts. The monasteries were established during the feudal period. People who believed in religion could serve God according to the teachings of the Catholic Church.
Introduction to feudalism: Historians used the term feudalism between the fifth and 15th centuries in medieval European history. The German word 'feud' comes from the meaning 'piece of land' Feudalism refers to agricultural production in the economic sense . These products depend on the feudal lords and the peasants . The peasant cultivated his own and the lord's land. The lords also had judicial control over the peasants.
Feudalism originated in the Roman Empire and during the reign of the French Emperor Charlemagne (742-814). The church also celebrated festivals and rituals in the style of the feudal lords .
B. Ancient History of France
Answer: Ancient history of France: The Franks of Germany named the country after themselves. From the sixth century onwards, the region was ruled by a French king. The French were closely associated with the church. The relationship was strengthened by the title of Holy Roman Emperor to King Charlemagne of France. In 481 AD, Clovis became king of the Franks.
The king of France was involved with the subjects through this tax. The large land nobles were subject to the king, and the peasants were subject to them.
c) Manor or estate
Answer: Manor or zamindari
The lord was the aristocrat of all the inhabitants who settled the land. The Lord owned many possessions. He owns private farms, buildings, pastures, farmers' houses and farms on the land. His house is called the manor. He was cultivated by farmers on private farmland.
A lord had his own man's house. He controlled villages with peasants. Some of these lords held hundreds of villages. There were 10/12 families in a small main zamindari and a larger zamindari could have 50/60 families. All the things I always used were available here. Blacksmiths and carpenters provided him with tools or furniture. The stone-mason built the house of the nobleman.
manors could not be entirely self-sufficient. This was because stone, salt and metals had to be imported. They were the elite who wanted to live a luxurious life. They needed ornaments and musical instruments. They had to get them from elsewhere.
D. Knight
Answer: From the ninth century onwards, local wars were frequent in Europe. There were not many unskilled peasants and soldiers in the area. There needed more cavalry of better quality. A new class of folk knights emerged to fill those gaps. They were associated with the king. The lords give the knight a piece of land; The land or land was called a fief. A fife covered an area of 1,000 to 2,000 or more. The knight's family included a church and a residence for his subordinates, a grape mill, and a water mill.
In France, from the 12th century onwards, minstrels sang manor after manor about the historical events of the Night. There was a lack of educated people and education in that era. There were large rooms in the manor. That is where the people of Maine ate. There was a balcony with the hall. The Charans sang on that balcony and entertained the aristocrats while they ate.
e) Monks
Answer: Monks: Apart from the church, the noble Christians had other institutions. While priests lived among villagers and townspeople, some baptized Christians lived alone. The place where they lived is called Abbeys. St. Benedict founded two major monasteries. These monasteries were:
(a) Founded the Italian monastery in 529 .
(b) Clani monastery in Burgundy was founded in 910-.
A monk had to take an oath to stay in the monastery for the rest of his life. He also had to take an oath to pray and to spend time in physical activity. The monastery was separate for men and women. From one community of 10/20 men and women, the monasteries were large and hundreds of people with gardens, colleges, schools and hospitals were converted to another community. From the eleventh century onwards, some groups of friars were not confined to the same monastery. They begged and preached among the people, and the groups went from place to place.
There was a manuscript of 73 chapters of the Testament in a Benedictine monastery. The monks had to follow those rules. Those rules were:
(1) Chapter VI: Monks should only be allowed to speak.
(2) Chapter VII: Humanity means loyalty.
(3) Chapter 33: No monk shall own property.
(4) Chapter 47: Lazy life is the enemy of the soul, therefore monks or nuns should sometimes study scriptures and physical labour.
(5) Chapter 48: Monasteries can have all the necessary facilities like water, gardens, mills, and factories within the boundaries of the monastery
f ) Church towns
Answer: Churches: Large churches called cathedrals were built in France from the 12th century. Wealthy merchants donated a portion of their earnings to the church in the name of religion. These cathedrals were the property of Christian monasteries. Some people contributed financially and physically to build the cathedrals. The cathedrals were built of stone and took many years to build. People lived all around them when they were built. Once they were built, a small town was built around the cathedrals.
Pilgrimage was an important part of Christianity. The cathedrals were built in such a way that the voices of the men could be heard clearly by the people inside the cathedrals. The prayers of the monks were very pleasant to hear. The sound of bells and prayers could be heard from a distance. The cathedrals were stained for the windows.
Inside the cathedral, sunlight was also used during the day and candles were used for light at night. The light of the candle was visible to those outside.
