Chapter: 5

 INDIGO

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TEXTBOOK EXCERCISE

Strike out what is not true in the following:

āύিāĻŽ্āύāϞিāĻ–িāϤāĻŦোā§°āϤ āϝি āϏঁāϚা āύāĻšāϝ় āϤাāĻ• āφāϘাāϤ āϕ⧰āĻ•:

a)  Rajkumar shukla was

āĻ•) ā§°াāϜāĻ•ুāĻŽাā§° āĻļুāĻ•্āϞা āφāĻ›িāϞ

i) A sharecropper   

āĻāϜāύ āĻļ্āĻŦেāϝ়াā§°āĻ•্ā§°āĻĒাā§° 

ii) a politician

āĻāϜāύ ā§°াāϜāύীāϤিāĻŦিāĻĻ

ii) Delegate 

āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāύিāϧি    

iv) a landlord

 āĻāϜāύ āϜāĻŽিāĻĻাā§°

Answer: a landlord

 āωāϤ্āϤ⧰: āĻāϜāύ āϜāĻŽিāĻĻাā§°

b) Rajkumar  Shukla was

(āĻ–) ā§°াāϜāĻ•ুāĻŽাā§° āĻļুāĻ•্āϞা āφāĻ›িāϞ

i) Poor 

āĻĻুāĻ–ীāϝ়া   

ii) physically strong

āĻļাā§°ীā§°িāĻ•āĻ­াā§ąে āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী 

iii) Illiterate

āύিā§°āĻ•্āώ⧰

Answer: physically strong

āωāϤ্āϤ⧰: āĻļাā§°ীā§°িāĻ•āĻ­াā§ąে āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী

2) Why is Rajkumar Shukla described as being “resolute”?

ā§°াāϜāĻ•ুāĻŽাā§° āĻļুāĻ•্āϞাāĻ• āĻ•িāϝ় "āĻĻৃāĻĸ়" āĻŦুāϞি āĻŦā§°্āĻŖāύা āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›ে?

Answer: Rajkumar shula wanted Gandhi to take up the cause of the poor peasants in champaran. He met Gandhi in the Lucknow session of the congress. But Gandhi had many engagements in different parts of India. Shukla accompanied Gandhi everywhere. He waited till Gandhi was free. Gandhi was impressed by his tenacity and finally went to with him.

ā§°াāϜāĻ•ুāĻŽাā§° āĻļুāϞাāχ āĻŦিāϚাā§°িāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖāϤ āĻĻā§°িāĻĻ্ā§° āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ āĻ—্ā§°āĻšāĻŖ āϕ⧰āĻ•। āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ•ংāĻ—্ā§°েāϛ⧰ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āĻŖৌ āĻ…āϧিā§ąেāĻļāύāϤ āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāĻ• āϞāĻ— āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ—াāύ্āϧীā§° āĻ­াā§°āϤ⧰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒ্ā§°াāύ্āϤāϤ āĻŦāĻšুāϤো āĻŦ্āϝāϏ্āϤāϤা āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻļুāĻ•্āϞাāχ āĻ—াāύ্āϧীā§° āϏৈāϤে āϏāĻ•āϞোāĻ াāχāϤে āĻ—ৈāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧী āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āύোāĻšোā§ąাāϞৈāĻ•ে āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ…āĻĒেāĻ•্āώা āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧী āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĻৃāĻĸ়āϤাā§° āĻĻ্āĻŦাā§°া āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ­াā§ąিāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ āφ⧰ু āĻ…ā§ąāĻļেāώāϤ āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϏৈāϤে āĻ—ৈāĻ›িāϞ।

3) Why do you think the servants thought Gandhi to be another peasant?

āφāĻĒুāύি āĻ•িāϝ় āĻ­াāĻŦে āϝে āϏেā§ąāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞে āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāĻ• āφāύ āĻāϜāύ āĻ•ৃāώāĻ• āĻŦুāϞি āĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ›িāϞ?

Answer:  In Patna, Shukla led Gandhi to the house of a lawyer. Rajendra Prasad. The servants knew Shukla. He was a poor peasant of Champaran. He always troubled Rajendra Prasad to take up the cause of the indigo sharecroppers of Champaran. So the servants took Gandhi to be another peasant.

āĻĒাāϟāύাāϤ, āĻļুāĻ•্āϞাāχ āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāĻ• āĻāϜāύ āωāĻ•ীāϞ⧰ āϘ⧰āϞৈ āϞৈ āĻ—ৈāĻ›িāϞ। ā§°াāϜেāύ্āĻĻ্ā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϏাāĻĻ। āϏেā§ąāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞে āĻļুāĻ•্āϞাāĻ• āϚিāύি āĻĒাāχāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖā§° āĻāϜāύ āĻĻā§°িāĻĻ্ā§° āĻ•ৃāώāĻ• āφāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϏāĻĻাāϝ় ā§°াāϜেāύ্āĻĻ্ā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϏাāĻĻāĻ• āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖā§° āύীāϞ āĻ­াāĻ—-āĻŦāϤ⧰াāĻ•াā§°ীāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ āϞ'āĻŦāϞৈ āĻ…āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϤ āĻĒেāϞাāχāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—āϤিāĻ•ে āϏেā§ąāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞে āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāĻ• āφāύ āĻāϜāύ āĻ•ৃāώāĻ• āĻš'āĻŦāϞৈ āϞৈāĻ›িāϞ।

4) List the places that Gandhi visited between his first meeting with shukla and his arrival at champaran?

āĻļুāĻ•্āϞাā§° āϏৈāϤে āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āϏাāĻ•্āώাāϤ āφ⧰ু āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖāϤ āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āφāĻ—āĻŽāύ⧰ āĻŽাāϜāϤ āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āĻ­্ā§°āĻŽāĻŖ āϕ⧰া āĻ াāχāĻŦোā§° āϤাāϞিāĻ•াāĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āύেāĻ•ি?

Answer: Gandhi met Shukla in Lucknow. He  had appointments in other parts of India. Then Gandhi returned to his  ashram near Ahmedabad. Shukla accompanied him everywhere. Gandhi visited Calcutta. From there they boarded a train for Patna in Bihar. Then he came to Muzaffarpur and  from there to Motihari. Then finally, he came to Champaran.

āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āĻļুāĻ•্āϞাāĻ• āϞāĻ•্āώ্āĻŖৌāϤ āϞāĻ— āĻĒাāχāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ­াā§°āϤ⧰ āφāύ āĻĒ্ā§°াāύ্āϤāϤ āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻāĻĒāχāĻŖ্āϟāĻŽেāĻŖ্āϟ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āϤাā§° āĻĒিāĻ›āϤ āĻ—াāύ্āϧী āφāĻšāĻŽেāĻĻাāĻŦাāĻĻā§° āĻ“āϚ⧰⧰ āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āφāĻļ্ā§°āĻŽāϞৈ āωāĻ­āϤি āφāĻšিāĻ›িāϞ। āĻļুāĻ•্āϞাāχ āϏāĻ•āϞো āĻ াāχāϤে āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϏৈāϤে āĻ—ৈāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āĻ•āϞিāĻ•āϤা āĻ­্ā§°āĻŽāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āϤাā§° āĻĒā§°া āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻšাā§°ā§° āĻĒাāϟāύাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻāĻ–āύ ā§°েāϞāϤ āωāĻ িāĻ›িāϞ। āϤাā§° āĻĒিāĻ›āϤ āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻŽুāϜাāĻĢাā§°āĻĒুā§°āϞৈ āφāĻšিāĻ›িāϞ āφ⧰ু āϤাā§° āĻĒā§°া āĻŽāϤিāĻšাā§°ীāϞৈ āφāĻšিāĻ›িāϞ। āϤাā§° āĻĒিāĻ›āϤ āĻ…ā§ąāĻļেāώāϤ, āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖāϞৈ āφāĻšিāϞ।

5) What did the peasants pay the British landlords as rent? What did the British now want instead and why? Why would be the impact of synthetic indigo on the prices of natural indigo?

āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞে āĻŦ্ā§°িāϟিāĻ› āϜāĻŽিāĻĻাā§°āϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻ­াāĻĄ়া āĻšিāϚাāĻĒে āĻ•ি āĻĒā§°িāĻļোāϧ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ? āχāϝ়াā§° āĻĒā§°িā§ąā§°্āϤে āĻŦ্ā§°িāϟিāĻ›ে āĻāϤিāϝ়া āĻ•ি āĻŦিāϚাā§°িāĻ›িāϞ āφ⧰ু āĻ•িāϝ়? āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āύীāϞ⧰ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ⧰ āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āϏংāĻļ্āϞেāώিāϤ āύীāϞ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ­াā§ą āĻ•িāϝ় āĻš'āĻŦ?

Answer: The peasants were forced to plant 15% of their holdings with indigo. They surrendered the entire indigo harvest as rent. Presently Germany had developed synthetic indigo. Indigo plantation was no more profitable. Now the landlords wanted compensation for freeing the peasants. The peasants saw through their tricks.

āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ 15% āĻšোāϞ্āĻĄিং āύীāϞ⧰ āϏৈāϤে ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āĻ—োāϟেāχ āύীāϞ āĻļāϏ্āϝāĻ­াāĻĄ়া āĻšিāϚাāĻĒে āϏāĻŽā§°্āĻĒāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻŦā§°্āϤāĻŽাāύ āϜাā§°্āĻŽাāύীāϝ়ে āϏংāĻļ্āϞেāώিāϤ āύীāϞ āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āχāĻŖ্āĻĄিāĻ—ো āĻ–েāϤি āφ⧰ু āϞাāĻ­āϜāύāĻ• āύাāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāϤিāϝ়া āϜāĻŽিāĻĻাā§°āϏāĻ•āϞে āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āϕ⧰াā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻ•্āώāϤিāĻĒূā§°āĻŖ āĻŦিāϚাā§°িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞে āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āĻ•ৌāĻļāϞ⧰ āϜ⧰িāϝ়āϤে āĻĻেāĻ–িāĻ›িāϞ।

6) The events in this part of the text illustrate Gandhi’s method of working. Can you identify some instances of this method and link them to his ideas of satyagraha and non-violence?

āĻĒাāĻ ā§° āĻāχ āĻ…ংāĻļā§° āϘāϟāύাāĻŦোā§°ে āĻ—াāύ্āϧীā§° āĻ•াāĻŽ āϕ⧰াā§° āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিāĻ• āĻŦā§°্āĻŖāύা āϕ⧰ে। āφāĻĒুāύি āĻāχ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤিā§° āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻŽাāύ āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖ āϚিāύাāĻ•্āϤ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŦāύে āφ⧰ু āϏেāχāĻŦোā§°āĻ• āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϏāϤ্āϝাāĻ—্ā§°āĻš āφ⧰ু āĻ…āĻšিংāϏাā§° āϧাā§°āĻŖাāĻŦোā§°ā§° āϏৈāϤে āϏংāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŦāύে?

Answer: Gandhi had a deep respect for legal authority. But he could defy the authorities when they violated natural justice and human values. He received an official notice to quite Champaran immediately. Gandhi declared that he would defy the order. For him the “voice of conscience” was above any law. All these instances link them to his ideas of “satyagraha” and non-violence.

āĻ—াāύ্āϧীā§° āφāχāύী āϕ⧰্āϤৃāϤ্āĻŦā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻ—āĻ­ীā§° āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϝেāϤিāϝ়া āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āύ্āϝাāϝ় āφ⧰ু āĻŽাāĻ¨ā§ąীāϝ় āĻŽূāϞ্āϝāĻŦোāϧ āωāϞংāϘা āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āϤেāϤিāϝ়া āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϕ⧰্āϤৃāĻĒāĻ•্āώāĻ• āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•াā§° āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°ে। āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϞāĻ—ে āϞāĻ—ে āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖāĻ• āĻāϟা āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ী āϜাāύāύী āĻĒাāχāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āϘোāώāĻŖা āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϤেāĻ“ঁ āφāĻĻেāĻļāϟো āĻ…āĻŽাāύ্āϝ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ। āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে "āĻŦিāĻŦেāϕ⧰ āĻ•āĻŖ্āĻ āϏ্āĻŦā§°" āϝিāĻ•োāύো āφāχāύ⧰ āω⧰্āϧāϤ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāχ āϏāĻ•āϞোāĻŦোā§° āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖে āϏেāχāĻŦোā§°āĻ• āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° "āϏāϤ্āϝাāĻ—্ā§°āĻš" āφ⧰ু āĻ…āĻšিংāϏাā§° āϧাā§°āĻŖাāĻŦোā§°ā§° āϏৈāϤে āϏংāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϕ⧰ে।

7) Why did Gandhi agree to a settlement of 25 percent refund to the farmers?

āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• ⧍ā§Ģ āĻļāϤাংāĻļ āϘূā§°াāχ āĻĻিāϝ়াā§° āύিāώ্āĻĒāϤ্āϤিāϤ āĻ•িāϝ় āϏāύ্āĻŽāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ?

Answer: The landlords feared that Gandhi would demand repayment of all money. He asked only for 50%. Then the planters offered to refund 25% of the money. Gandhi agreed. Gandhi explained that the amount of the refund was less important. The landlords were humbled. They were compelled to surrender part of the money and their prestige.

āĻ­ূāϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽীāϏāĻ•āϞে āφāĻļংāĻ•া āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āϏāĻ•āϞো āϧāύ āĻĒā§°িāĻļোāϧ⧰ āĻĻাāĻŦী āϕ⧰িāĻŦ। āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ•েā§ąāϞ 50% āĻŦিāϚাā§°িāĻ›িāϞ। āϤাā§° āĻĒিāĻ›āϤ ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖāĻ•াā§°ীāϏāĻ•āϞে 25% āϟāĻ•া āϘূā§°াāχ āĻĻিāϝ়াā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϏ্āϤাā§ą āĻĻিāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āϏāύ্āĻŽāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āĻŦā§°্āĻŖāύা āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϧāύ āϘূā§°াāχ āĻĻিāϝ়াā§° āĻĒā§°িāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ—ুā§°ুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূā§°্āĻŖ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āϜāĻŽিāĻĻাā§°āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻŦিāύāĻŽ্ā§° āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āϧāύ⧰ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ…ংāĻļ āφ⧰ু āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύ āϏāĻŽā§°্āĻĒāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।

8) How did the episode change the plight of the peasants?

āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄāϟোā§ąে āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻĻুā§°্āĻĻāĻļা āĻ•েāύেāĻ•ৈ āϏāϞāύি āϕ⧰িāϞে?

Answer:  The settlement changed the condition of the peasants of Champaran. Previously the landlords behaved as lords above the law. Now the 15% clause was over. The peasants realised they had their legal rights. They learned courage. Within a few years the British planters abandoned their estates. They were given back to the peasants.

āĻŦāϏāϤিāϟোā§ąে āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖā§° āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻ…ā§ąāϏ্āĻĨা āϏāϞāύি āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āφāĻ—āϤে āϜāĻŽিāĻĻাā§°āϏāĻ•āϞে āφāχāύ⧰ āω⧰্āϧāϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ­ু āĻšিāϚাāĻĒে āφāϚ⧰āĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāϤিāϝ়া 15% āϧাā§°া āϟো āĻļেāώ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞে āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦ্āϧি āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āφāχāύী āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াā§° āφāĻ›ে। āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āϏাāĻšāϏ āĻļিāĻ•িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ•েāχāĻŦāϛ⧰āĻŽাāύ⧰ āĻ­িāϤ⧰āϤে āĻŦ্ā§°িāϟিāĻ› ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖāĻ•াā§°ীāϏāĻ•āϞে āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϤ্āϤি āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āϕ⧰ে। āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•āĻ• āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āϘূā§°াāχ āĻĻিāϝ়া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।

UNDERSTANDING THE TEXT

1. Why do you think Gandhi considered the Champaran episode to be a turning-point in his life?

āφāĻĒুāύি āĻ•িāϝ় āĻ­াāĻŦে āϝে āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖ āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄāϟোāĻ• āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϜীā§ąāύ⧰ āĻāĻ• āϟাā§°্āĻŖিং āĻĒāχāĻŖ্āϟ āĻŦুāϞি āĻŦিāĻŦেāϚāύা āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ?


 Or

āĻŦা 

How did the Champaran episode prove to be a turning point in Gandhiji’s life? Explain with reference to the text, Indigo.

 āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖ āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄāϟো āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϜীā§° āϜীā§ąāύ⧰ āĻāϟা āϟাā§°্āĻŖিং āĻĒāχāĻŖ্āϟ āĻ•েāύেāĻ•ৈ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻŽাāĻŖিāϤ āĻš'āϞ? āĻĒাāĻ ā§° āϏāύ্āĻĻā§°্āĻ­āϤ āĻŦā§°্āĻŖāύা āϕ⧰āĻ•, āχāĻŖ্āĻĄিāĻ—ো।


Answer: The Champaran episode was a turning point in Gandhi’s life. Gandhi himself accepted it. It was the first mass movement in India. Gandhi took up the cause of the poor peasants. He fought against the injustices of the cruel landlords. They extorted money from the poor sharecroppers. But Champaran didn’t begin as an act of defiance. The movement grew out of Gandh’s attempt to remove the distress of thousands of poor peasants. It was a typical Gandhian movement.

āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖ āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄāϟো āĻ—াāύ্āϧীā§° āϜীā§ąāύ⧰ āĻāϟা āϟাā§°্āĻŖিং āĻĒāχāĻŖ্āϟ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āύিāϜেāχ āχāϝ়াāĻ• āĻ—্ā§°āĻšāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāχāϟো āĻ­াā§°āϤ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—āĻŖ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āĻĻā§°িāĻĻ্ā§° āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ āĻ—্ā§°āĻšāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁ āύিāώ্āĻ ুā§° āϜāĻŽিāĻĻাā§°āϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ়ā§° āĻŦিā§°ুāĻĻ্āϧে āϝুঁāϜ āĻĻিāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āĻĻā§°িāĻĻ্ā§° āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাā§°āϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻĒā§°া āϧāύ āϏংāĻ—্ā§°āĻš āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖে āĻ…āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাā§° āĻ•াāĻŽ āĻšিāϚাāĻĒে āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­ āϕ⧰া āύাāĻ›িāϞ। āĻšাāϜাā§° āĻšাāϜাā§° āĻĻā§°িāĻĻ্ā§° āĻ•ৃāώāϕ⧰ āĻĻুāĻ– āĻĻূā§° āϕ⧰াā§° āĻ—াāύ্āϧ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϚেāώ্āϟাā§° āĻĢāϞāϤ āĻāχ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻĒাāχāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāχāϟো āĻāϟা āϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖ āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāĻŦাāĻĻী āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āφāĻ›িāϞ।


         The success of Champaran marked the first victory of the Civil Disobedience in modern India. The amount of the refund money was less important. More important was that English landlords were forced to surrender part of the money. Previously they behaved as lords above the law. Now the Indian peasants had people to defend their rights.

āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖā§° āϏāĻĢāϞāϤাāχ āφāϧুāύিāĻ• āĻ­াā§°āϤāϤ āφāχāύ āĻ…āĻŽাāύ্āϝ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦিāϜāϝ় āϚিāĻš্āύিāϤ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āϧāύ āϘূā§°াāχ āĻĻিāϝ়াāϧāύ⧰ āĻĒā§°িāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ—ুā§°ুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূā§°্āĻŖ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āĻ—ুā§°ুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূā§°্āĻŖ āφāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āχংā§°াāϜ āϜāĻŽিāĻĻাā§°āϏāĻ•āϞে āϧāύ⧰ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ…ংāĻļ āϏāĻŽā§°্āĻĒāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āφāĻ—āϤে āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āφāχāύ⧰ āω⧰্āϧāϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ­ু āĻšিāϚাāĻĒে āφāϚ⧰āĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāϤিāϝ়া āĻ­াā§°āϤীāϝ় āĻ•ৃāώāĻ•āϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻ“āϚ⧰āϤ āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াā§° ā§°āĻ•্āώা āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āĻŽাāύুāĻš āφāĻ›িāϞ।

     Above all, the Champaran episode was the beginning of their liberation from fear of the British.

     āϏ⧰্āĻŦোāĻĒā§°ি, āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖ āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄāϟো āφāĻ›িāϞ āĻŦ্ā§°িāϟিāĻ›āϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻ­āϝ়ā§° āĻĒā§°া āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিā§° āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŖি।

2. How was Gandhi able to influence lawyers? Give instances.

āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āωāĻ•ীāϞāϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻ•েāύেāĻ•ৈ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ­াā§ąিāϤ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āϏāĻ•্āώāĻŽ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ? āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖ āĻĻিāϝ়āĻ•।

Answer: The role of the lawyers in Champaran movement was quite significant . The news of Gandhi’s advent spread among the lawyers of Muzaffarpur. They called on Gandhi to brief him. Gandhi chided the lawyers for collecting big fees from the poor sharecroppers. Law courts were useless for them.

āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύāϤ āωāĻ•ীāϞāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া āϝāĻĨেāώ্āϟ āĻ—ুā§°ুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূā§°্āĻŖ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীā§° āφāĻ—āĻŽāύ⧰ āĻ–āĻŦā§° āĻŽুāϜাāĻĢাā§°āĻĒুā§°ā§° āωāĻ•ীāϞāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻŽাāϜāϤ āĻŦিāϝ়āĻĒি āĻĒā§°িāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāĻ• āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āĻ…ā§ąāĻ—āϤ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āφāĻš্āĻŦাāύ āϜāύাāχāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āĻĻā§°িāĻĻ্ā§° āĻ…ংāĻļীāĻĻাā§°āϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻĒā§°া āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻŽাāϚুāϞ āϏংāĻ—্ā§°āĻš āϕ⧰াā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āωāĻ•ীāϞāϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻĒ্ā§°āϤ্āϝাāĻ–্āϝাāύ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āφāχāύ āφāĻĻাāϞāϤāĻŦোā§° āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻ…āĻĒ্ā§°āϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ় āφāĻ›িāϞ।

                   The lawyers from Bihar were again in the news. Gandhi was going to be tried in the court. Rajendra Prasad, and several other prominent lawyers had arrived from Bihar to support him. Gandhi asked what they would do if he was sentenced to prison. A senior lawyer replied that if he went to jail, they would go home.

āĻŦিāĻšাā§°ā§° āωāĻ•ীāϞāϏāĻ•āϞ āĻĒুāύ⧰ āĻŦাāϤ⧰িāϞৈ āφāĻšিāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāĻ• āφāĻĻাāϞāϤāϤ āĻŦিāϚাā§° āϕ⧰া āĻš'āĻŦ। ā§°াāϜেāύ্āĻĻ্ā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϏাāĻĻ āφ⧰ু āφāύ āĻ•েāχāĻŦাāϜāύো āĻŦিāĻļিāώ্āϟ āĻ…āϧিāĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āĻŦিāĻšাā§°ā§° āĻĒā§°া āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§°্āĻĨāύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āφāĻšিāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āϏুāϧিāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϝāĻĻি āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āĻ•াā§°াāĻ—াā§°ā§° āĻļাāϏ্āϤি āĻĻিāϝ়া āĻšāϝ় āϤেāύ্āϤে āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āĻ•ি āϕ⧰িāĻŦ। āĻāϜāύ āϜ্āϝেāώ্āĻ  āĻ…āϧিāĻŦāĻ•্āϤাāχ āωāϤ্āϤ⧰ āĻĻিāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϝāĻĻি āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ•াā§°াāĻ—াā§°āϞৈ āϝাāϝ়, āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ• āϘ⧰āϞৈ āϝাāĻŦ।

       Gandhi was disappointed. He asked what would happen to the sharecroppers if he went to jail. Who would fight for them? The lawyers felt ashamed. They thought that going home would be “shameful desertion”. They told him that they were ready to follow him into jail. Gandhi was more than satisfied. He declared: “The battle of Champaran is won”.

āĻ—াāύ্āϧী āĻšāϤাāĻļ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϏুāϧিāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϝāĻĻি āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ•াā§°াāĻ—াā§°āϞৈ āϝাāϝ় āϤেāύ্āϤে āĻ­াāĻ—-āĻŦāϤ⧰া āĻ•াā§°ীāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻ•ি āĻš'āĻŦ। āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻ•োāύে āϝুঁāϜিāĻŦ? āωāĻ•ীāϞāϏāĻ•āϞে āϞাāϜ āĻ…āύুāĻ­ā§ą āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϘ⧰āϞৈ āϝোā§ąাāϟো "āϞāϜ্āϜাāϜāύāĻ• āϤ্āϝাāĻ—" āĻš'āĻŦ। āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āĻ•ৈāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āĻ•াā§°াāĻ—াā§°āϞৈ āĻ…āύুāϏ⧰āĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āϏাāϜু āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧী āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āϏāύ্āϤুāώ্āϟ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϘোāώāĻŖা āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ: "āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖā§° āϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āϜিāĻ•িāĻ›ে"।

3. What was the attitude of the average Indian in smaller localities towards advocates of “home rule”

āϏ⧰ু āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞāϤ āĻ—āĻĄ় āĻ­াā§°āϤীāϝ়ā§° "āĻ—ৃāĻš āĻļাāϏāύ"ā§° āĻ…āϧিāĻŦāĻ•্āϤাāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻŽāύোāĻ­াā§ą āĻ•ি āφāĻ›িāϞ

Answer:- It is true that before the advent of Gandhi, there was no mass movement in India. The common masses were totally indifferent and unorganised. They were crushed and exploited by the landlords. The attitude of the average Indian in smaller localities was quite indifferent or evasive. They were afraid to show sympathy for advocates of home rule.

āĻāϝ়া āϏঁāϚা āϝে āĻ—াāύ্āϧীā§° āφāĻ—āĻŽāύ⧰ āφāĻ—āϤে āĻ­াā§°āϤāϤ āĻ•োāύো āĻ—āĻŖ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻšোā§ąা āύাāĻ›িāϞ। āϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖ āϜāύāϤা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূā§°্āĻŖāωāĻĻাāϏীāύ āφ⧰ু āĻ…āϏংāĻ—āĻ িāϤ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•āĻ• āĻ­ূāϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽীāϏāĻ•āϞে āϚূā§°্āĻŖ-āĻŦিāϚূā§°্āĻŖ āφ⧰ু āĻļোāώāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āϏ⧰ু āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞāĻŦোā§°āϤ āĻ—āĻĄ় āĻ­াā§°āϤীāϝ়ā§° āĻŽāύোāĻ­াā§ą āϝāĻĨেāώ্āϟ āωāĻĻাāϏীāύ āĻŦা āĻ…āĻĒ্ā§°āϤ্āϝাāĻļিāϤ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāĻ•ে āϘ⧰ুā§ąা āĻļাāϏāύ⧰ āĻ…āϧিāĻŦāĻ•্āϤাāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āϏāĻšাāύুāĻ­ূāϤি āĻĻেāĻ–ুā§ąাāĻŦāϞৈ āĻ­āϝ় āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।

         Gandhi brought the average Indian away from this isolation and indifference. Some leaders like J.B. Kripalani and Prof. Malkani were with Gandhiji. Kripalani was present at the station with a large body of students. Gandhi stayed for two days in the home of Professor Malkani. It was quite a courageous and extraordinary things in those days to give shelter to a man like Gandhi.

āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϝ়ে āĻ—āĻĄ় āĻ­াā§°āϤীāϝ়āĻ• āĻāχ āĻŦিāϚ্āĻ›িāύ্āύāϤা āφ⧰ু āωāĻĻাāϏীāύāϤাā§° āĻĒā§°া āφঁāϤ⧰াāχ āφāύিāĻ›িāϞ। āϜে.āĻŦি āĻ•ৃāĻĒাāϞাāύি āφ⧰ু āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ• āĻŽাāϞāĻ•াāύিā§° āĻĻā§°ে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻŽাāύ āύেāϤা āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϜীā§° āϏৈāϤে āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ•ৃāĻĒাāϞাāύি āĻ›াāϤ্ā§°-āĻ›াāϤ্ā§°ীā§° āĻāϟা āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻļā§°ীā§°ā§° āϏৈāϤে āώ্āϟেāϚāύāϤ āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧী āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ• āĻŽাāϞāĻ•াāύিā§° āϘ⧰āϤ āĻĻুāĻĻিāύ ā§°ৈāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীā§° āĻĻā§°ে āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻ• āφāĻļ্ā§°āϝ় āĻĻিāϝ়াāϟো āϏেāχ āĻĻিāύāĻŦোā§°āϤ āϝāĻĨেāώ্āϟ āϏাāĻšāϏী āφ⧰ু āĻ…āϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āφāĻ›িāϞ।

         But J.B. Kripalani and Professor Malkani were exceptional cases. The average Indian in smaller localities preferred to be indifferent to such burning issues.

āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϜে.āĻŦি āĻ•ৃāĻĒাāϞাāύি āφ⧰ু āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ• āĻŽাāϞāĻ•াāύি āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ•্ā§°āĻŽী āϘāϟāύা āφāĻ›িāϞ। āϏ⧰ু āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞāĻŦোā§°āϤ āĻ—āĻĄ় āĻ­াā§°āϤীāϝ়āϏāĻ•āϞে āĻāύে āϜ্āĻŦāϞāύ্āϤ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āωāĻĻাāϏীāύ āĻšোā§ąাāϟো āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।


4. How do we know that ordinary people too contributed to the freedom movement?

āφāĻŽি āĻ•েāύেāĻ•ৈ āϜাāύিāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°োঁ āϝে āϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāĻšেāĻ“ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύāϤ āĻ…ā§°িāĻšāĻŖা āϝোāĻ—াāχāĻ›িāϞ?

Answer:- The freedom movement could not have been successful without the participation of ordinary people. Before Gandhi common masses were indifferent to the freedom movement. It was the advent of Gandhi which brought the struggle for freedom even to the huts of the millions. The Champaran episode was a turning –point in the life of Gandhi. It was a milestone in the long freedom movement. The civil Disobedience emerged victorious for the first time in modern India.

āϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§° āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্ā§°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦিāĻšāύে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻš'āĻŦ āύোā§ąাā§°িāϞেāĻšেঁāϤেāύ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীā§° āφāĻ—āϤে āϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖ āϜāύāϤা āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āωāĻĻাāϏীāύ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāχāϟো āĻ—াāύ্āϧীā§° āφāĻ—āĻŽāύ āφāĻ›িāϞ āϝিāϝ়ে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাā§° āϏংāĻ—্ā§°াāĻŽāφāύāĻ•ি āϞাāĻ– āϞাāĻ– āϞোāϕ⧰ āĻ•ুāϟিāϞৈāĻ“ āϞৈ āφāĻšিāĻ›িāϞ। āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§°āĻŖ āĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄāϟো āĻ—াāύ্āϧীā§° āϜীā§ąāύ⧰ āĻāĻ• āϟাā§°্āĻŖিং-āĻĒāχāĻŖ্āϟ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāχāϟো āĻĻীāϘāϞীāϝ়া āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ⧰ āĻāϟা āĻŽাāχāϞ⧰ āĻ–ুঁāϟি āφāĻ›িāϞ। āφāϧুāύিāĻ• āĻ­াā§°āϤāϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽāĻŦাā§°ā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āφāχāύ āĻ…āĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻŦিāϜāϝ়ী āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।

         The participation of the ordinary people continued in every movement. Not only men but thousands of women also worked with them. The boycott of the British goods was organised on a largescale in every city and town. Similarly, the Quit India movement of 1942 involved crores of people. The participation of masses in the freedom movement unnerved the British. That started the beginning of the end of the British rule in  India.

āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāϟো āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύāϤে āϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§° āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্ā§°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝাāĻšāϤ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ•েā§ąāϞ āĻĒুā§°ুāώেāχ āύāĻšāϝ় āĻšাāϜাā§° āĻšাāϜাā§° āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāχ āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āϏৈāϤে āĻ•াāĻŽ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻŦ্ā§°িāϟিāĻ› āϏাāĻŽāĻ—্ā§°ীāĻŦā§°্āϜāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāĻ–āύ āϚāĻšā§° āφ⧰ু āϚāĻšā§°āϤ āĻŦৃāĻšā§Ž āĻĒā§°িāĻŽাāĻŖে āφāϝ়োāϜāύ āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāĻ•েāĻĻā§°ে, ⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍ āϚāύ⧰ āĻ­াā§°āϤ āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύāϤ āĻ•োāϟি āĻ•োāϟি āϞোāĻ• āϜāĻĄ়িāϤ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύāϤ āϜāύāϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖā§° āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্ā§°āĻšāĻŖে āĻŦ্ā§°িāϟিāĻ›āϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻŦিāϚāϞিāϤ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāχāϟোā§ąে āĻ­াā§°āϤāϤ āĻŦ্ā§°িāϟিāĻ› āĻļাāϏāύ⧰ āϏāĻŽাāĻĒ্āϤিā§° āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŖি āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।

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