Class 12 Home Science Chapter 3 

CHAPTER III

Protection from preventable diseases



A. Very short answer questions.

Q1. Define disease.

Ans: A disease is a particular kind of illness caused by bacteria or an infection or a state of discomfort of the body, where the normal functioning of the affected person is disturbed.



Q2. What are the different diseases of childhood?
Ans: The different diseases of childhood are - diarrhoea, measles, cholera, D.P.T, tuberculosis, dental caries, polio, rickets,tetanus etc.



Q3. What is immunization?
Ans: Immunization is the process of protecting a person or animal from an infectious disease by putting a substance into the body that makes it produce antibodies ( proteins in the blood that fight disease)  Immunization protects children (and adults) against harmful infections before they come into contact with them in the community.



Q4. Name two disease spread through air.
Ans: Whooping cough and Tuberculosis are the diseases that spread through air.



Q5. At what age B.C.G and D.P.T is given to a child?
Ans: B.C.G (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) is given at the time of birth and D.T.P (Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetannus) is given at 6weeks after birth.



Q6. What is colostrum?
Ans: Colostrum is the first form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals before the breast milk is released. It is thick and yellow in color which contains vitamin-A, high quality protein and antibodies to fight against immunity.



Q7. what do you mean by acquired immunization?
Ans: Acquired immunity means when a child is suffering from diseases, antibodies are developed by the body to prevent the action of germs of the disease. When the body can acquire immunity, it is known as acquired immunity. 



Q8. What disease can be prevented by MMR injection?
Ans: measles,mumps, and rubella are the diseases that can be prevented by MMR injection.



Q9. Name the diseases spread by contaminated food.
Ans: Polio and cholera are the diseases that spread through contaminated food.



Q10. Write to symptoms of cholera disease.
Ans: Loose watery motion like rice water and vomiting are the two common symptoms of cholera disease.



B. Short answer questions.

Q1. What is communicable disease? How they spread? Name two communicable disease.
Ans : A communicable disease is one that is spread from one person to another through a variety of ways that include: contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or by being bitten by an insect.
 Communicable diseases are spread from person to person or from animal to person. The spread or transfer can happen through the air, or through contact with contaminated surfaces, A cold is an example of a communicable disease That cold can be passed from one infected person to another uninfected person, spreading the communicable disease.

Whooping cough and T.B are the communicable disease.



Q2. What is immunity? What are its types?
Ans: Immunity is the quality or state of being immune, especially : a condition of being able to resist a particular disease especially through preventing development of a pathogenic microorganism or by counteracting the effects of its products.

The types of immunity are-
A) Natural Immunity - Innate immunity is also called Natural Immunity of the body. It is the inborn ability of the body to protect itself against pathogens and is transferred from mother to the baby. Since it doesn’t depend on previous exposure to microorganisms, it is also known as non-specific immunity.
B) Acquired Immunity - The immunity that an individual acquires after the birth is called acquired or adaptive or specific immunity. It not only relieves the victim of the infectious disease but also prevents its further attack in future.  Thus acquired immunity consists of specialized antibodies.



Q3. Write any four advantages of breast feeding.
Ans: The four advantages of breast feeding are-
 
 a ) Breast feeding provides natural immunity.
 b ) Breast feeding can lower illness in babies, such as ear infections, allergies, respiratory issues, colds and viruses, a number of childhood cancers and ovarian cancer.
 c ) Breast feeding reduces the mortality rate among children.
 d ) Breastfeeding also lowers your chance of getting breast cancer.



Q5. Write two symptoms of measles. How will you take care of a child suffering from measles.
Ans: Measles isn’t just a little rash. Measles can be dangerous, especially for babies and young children. 
Two symptoms of measles are 
  • Small rashes appears on face and neck and later on the whole body
  • High fever and cough.

There's no specific treatment for an established measles infection. However, some measures can be taken to protect vulnerable individuals who have been exposed to the virus.

The affected child should be isolated from others. During this time parent should use dim light and the child should not be allowed to go out from home.  Don’t encourage hard playing. Keep them out of direct sunlight. Provide plenty of fluids. Be careful of any stomach-upsetting foods.



Q5. Why and when B.C.G and D.P.T injections are given to a child?
Ans : B.C.G injections is given at birth and the reaction may occur within 3-4 weeks. B.C.G injection is given to provide protection against tuberculosis (T.B).
D. T.P injection is given to a child at 6weeks of age and subsequent two doses are given at an interval of 4 weeks. It is a triple vaccine to provide immunity against diptheria, pertussis or whooping cough and tetanus.



Q6. Write the difference between natural and acquired immunity.
Ans :The difference between natural and acquired immunity are-
 
  • Natural immunity is present at birth whereas acquire immunity means when a child is suffering from diseases antibodies are developed by the body to prevent the action of germs of the disease.
  • Natural acquired immunity occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate whereas acquired immunity develops only through deliberate action such as vaccination.


Q7. what are the reasons and symptoms of polio disease?
Ans: Polio is a highly contagious disease that is caused by a virus that attacks the body’s nervous system. Polio virus only infects people. It enters the body through the mouth.
The symptoms of polio are-
    • Sore throat
    • Fever
    • Tiredness
    • Nausea
    • Headache
    • Stomach pain



D. Long answer questions

Q1. What do you understand by disease? What are its types? How communicable disease spread? Explain 
Ans : A disease is a specific form caused by bacteria or an infection or a body discomfort condition where the normal functioning of the person concerned is disrupted.

Diseases are of two types-communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Communicable disease spreads from one person to another. For example - T.B/ measles,cholera,whooping cough etc. Non -communicable diseases, also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavior factors. Non- communicable disease does not spread from one person to another. For example- cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.

A communicable disease is one that is spread from one person to another through a variety of ways that include: contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or by being bitten by an insect.
 Some ways in which communicable diseases spread are by:
    1. physical contact with an infected person, such as through touch , sexual intercourse , fecal/oral transmission (hepatitis A), or droplets (influenza, TB)
    2. contact with a contaminated surface or object , food , blood (HIV, hepatitis B), or water (cholera);
    3. bites from insects or animals capable of transmitting the disease (mosquito: malaria and yellow fever, plague).
    4. travel through the air, such as tuberculosis or measles.




Q2. Write a short note on immunity.
Ans : Immunity is the body’s healthy state in which the body has sufficient biological defenses for preventing infection,disease or unwanted biological invasion. It requires the capacity of the body to differentiate and neutralize and remove foreign materials from itself. This is also a condition in which the body has ample immunity to prevent allergies and auto-immune diseases. Our immune system is essential to life. Without immune system our bodies will be open for bacteria, viruses, parasites, and more to attack. There are two types of immunity that is normal and acquired. Innate immunity is also called the body’s natural immunity. It is the body’s inborn ability to protect itself from pathogens and is passed from mother to baby. It is also known as non-specific immunity because it does not rely on previous exposure to microorganisms. The immunity acquired by an adult following after birth is called acquired or adaptive immunity. It not only relieve the patient of the infectious disease but also avoids their further attack in the future. The immunity thus acquired is made up of complex antibodies.


Q3. Prepare an immunization chart for a child from birth to three years.
Ans: Immunization chart for small children
 
Name of the child:      Fathers name:
Age :                           Mothers name :
Date of birth:              Home address:
Sex :          Phone no.
Name of doctor :        Address of the clinic :


AGE        NAME OF THE VACCINES

1. At birth within 48 hours  -  Polio dose and B.C.G
2. 0-1 month   -   Hepatitis- B (1st dose)
3. 1½ month    -   D.P.T Polio
4. 2½ months    -    D.P.T Polio,Hepatitis- B (2nd dose)
5. 3½ months     -     D.P.T Polio, Hepatitis- B (3rd dose)
6. 9-12 months     -     Measles with Vitamin A
7. 15-18 months    -    MMR
8. 16-24 months     -    D.P.T, Polio (Booster dose)
9. At 2 years       -      Typhoid
10. At 3-5 yeas -     Polio, DT (Booster dose)














Q4. Explain the causes and symptoms of D.P.T
Ans: DTP vaccines are a shot of medicine that help protect your child from the diseases like diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. These 3 diseases were very common before vaccines were found and caused many deaths every year. The risk of getting these diseases will go back up again if children are not immunized.
 
Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection that usually affects the mucous membranes of your nose and throat. The symptoms are -
• A thick, gray membrane covering your throat and tonsils
• A sore throat and hoarseness
• Swollen glands in neck
• Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
• Nasal discharge
• Fever 


Q5. Why a child should breast fed soon after birth? Explain 
Ans : Breast feeding is initiated to a new born infant after 30 minutes soon after birth because the child receives good nutrition from mother’s milk for which proper growth and development takes place in children. Making mother’s breast milk available to infants during this hour (within one hour of birth) is referred to as ‘early initiation of breastfeeding.’ It ensures that the infant receives the colostrum, or ‘first milk’, which is highly rich in protective nutrients. Early breastfeeding also increases the likelihood of exclusive breastfeeding for one to four months of life, as well as the overall duration of breastfeeding. Infants placed in early skin-to-skin contact with their mother also appear to interact more with their mothers. It is a physiological need that cements the bond between the mother and the baby.



Q6. What is tuberculosis? Write its causes and symptoms.
Ans: Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from one person to another through tiny droplets released into the air via cough and sneezes.
The symptoms of tuberculosis are- 
• A cough that lasts more than 3 weeks
• Chest pain
• Coughing up blood
• Feeling tired all the time
• Night sweats
• Chills
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss







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