Contemporary Centres of Power
1. Arrange the following in chronological order.
a. China’s accession to WTO b. Establishment of the EEC
c. Establishment of the EU d. Birth of ARF
Answer:
2. The ‘ASEAN Way’
a. Reflects the life style of ASEAN members
b. A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal
and cooperative
c. The defence policy followed by the ASEAN members
d. The road that connects all the ASEAN members
Answer: b. A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative.
3. Which of the following nations adopted an ‘open door’ policy?
a. China b. South Korea c. Japan d. USA
Answer: d. USA and a. China.
4. Fill in the blanks:
a. The border conflict between China and India in 1962 was principally over ______________ and __________________ region.
Ans: Aksai Chin and North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA).
b. ARF was established in the year ______________________ .
And: 1994.
c. China entered into bilateral relations with __________ (a major
country) in 1972.
Ans: The United States.
d. ________________ Plan influenced the establishment of the
Organisation for European Economic Cooperation in 1948.
Ans: Marshall.
e. ___________ is the organisation of ASEAN that deals with security.
Ans: "security organization".
5. What are the objectives of establishing regional organisations?
Answer: Regional organizations aim to:
*Promote peace and stability through diplomacy, conflict resolution, and joint security efforts.
*Boost economic growth via trade agreements, resource sharing, and coordinated development strategies.
*Preserve cultural heritage and address social issues like healthcare and education across the region.
*Increase regional influence on the global stage by acting as a united front.
They combine political, economic, and social goals to improve the lives of citizens and strengthen the region as a whole.
6. How does geographical proximity influence the formation of regional organisations?
Answer: Geographical proximity plays a significant role in influencing the formation of regional organizations in several ways:
Facilitating interaction and cooperation:
*Shared borders and close physical distances: Makes communication, travel, and face-to-face meetings easier, fostering dialogue and cooperation among neighbors.
*Similarities in geography and environment: Shared challenges like water resources, environmental threats, or natural disasters encourage collaboration in managing these issues.
*Cultural and historical connections: Common history, languages, or traditions can create a sense of shared identity and belonging, motivating countries to work together.
Promoting economic advantages:
*Reduced trade barriers and transportation costs: Geographic proximity facilitates regional trade by simplifying logistics and lowering transportation expenses.
*Joint infrastructure development: Neighboring countries can pool resources and expertise to build infrastructure projects like roads, railways, or energy grids that benefit all members.
*Economic interdependence: Closer ties and increased trade create dependence on each other's markets, incentivizing regional economic integration.
Enhancing security and stability:
*Joint security measures: Shared security threats like terrorism, piracy, or border disputes can be tackled more effectively through coordinated regional efforts.
*Conflict resolution and preventive diplomacy: Geographical proximity enables quicker intervention and mediation in regional conflicts, potentially preventing escalation.
*Confidence-building measures: Regular military exercises, information sharing, and joint security initiatives can build trust and reduce tensions among neighboring countries.
Challenges to consider:
*Historical disputes and rivalries: Existing conflicts or border disputes can hinder cooperation and impede the formation of regional organizations.
*Differences in political systems and ideologies: Incompatible political systems or ideologies can create friction and complicate regional collaboration.
*Varying economic development levels: Unequal economic development between potential member states can lead to power imbalances and resentment, posing challenges to equitable cooperation.
Therefore, while geographical proximity provides numerous advantages for forming regional organizations, it's not the sole determinant. Political will, shared interests, and overcoming potential challenges are also crucial for successful regional cooperation.
Remember, the influence of geographical proximity can vary depending on the specific region, its history, and the goals of the potential organization. It's an important factor to consider but not the only one shaping regional collaborations.
7. What are the components of the ASEAN Vision 2020?
Answer: ASEAN Vision 2020 outlined the aspirations for the organization and its member states by the year 2020. It consisted of three main components:
1. A Concert of Southeast Asian Nations:
*Envisioned ASEAN as a cohesive unit of Southeast Asian nations living in peace, stability, and prosperity.
*Emphasized cooperation and partnership among member states to achieve common goals.
*Focused on maintaining Southeast Asia as a peaceful region free from external interference.
2. A Community of Caring Societies:
*Aimed to create inclusive and equitable societies within ASEAN member states.
*Focused on improving the well-being of all citizens through poverty reduction, social development, and environmental protection.
*Emphasized human rights, cultural understanding, and a sense of shared identity among ASEAN people.
3. An Outward-Looking ASEAN:
*Advocated for active engagement with the global community.
*Promoted economic integration with other regions and countries.
*Aimed to strengthen ASEAN's position in the international arena and contribute to a stable and peaceful world order.
Additional noteworthy aspects of ASEAN Vision 2020:
*Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality: Reaffirmed the commitment to the ASEAN Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, advocating for a peaceful and neutral Southeast Asia.
*Dynamic Development: Focused on achieving and sustaining economic growth across the region.
*Narrowing Development Gaps: Aimed to address economic disparities among member states through shared resources and cooperation.
While ASEAN Vision 2020 was set for 2020, it continues to guide the organization's long-term goals and efforts. It provides a framework for regional cooperation and serves as a reference point for evaluating progress and setting further aspirations.
8. Name the pillars and the objectives of the ASEAN Community.
Answer: The ASEAN Community has three pillars, each with its own specific objectives:
1. ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC)
Objectives:
*Promote peace, stability, and security in the region.
*Enhance dialogue and cooperation on political and security issues.
*Prevent and resolve conflicts peacefully.
*Combat transnational crime and terrorism.
*Uphold human rights and the rule of law.
2. ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
Objectives:
*Create a single market and production base for ASEAN member states.
*Promote free flow of goods, services, investment, and skilled labor.
*Enhance economic competitiveness and integration with the global economy.
*Narrow development gaps among member states.
*Increase regional prosperity and economic well-being.
3. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC)
Objectives:
*Promote shared values, culture, and heritage among ASEAN peoples.
*Enhance social development and address issues like poverty, education, and healthcare.
*Foster environmental sustainability and protection.
*Strengthen people-to-people exchange and dialogue.
*Build a cohesive and inclusive ASEAN identity.
These pillars work together to achieve the overall goals of the ASEAN Community, which include peace, stability, prosperity, and a shared sense of identity for the region.
9. In what ways does the present Chinese economy differs from its command economy?
Answer: China's present economy differs significantly from its previous command economy in several key ways:
Economic Structure:
*Shift from state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to a mixed economy: While SOEs still play a significant role, China has opened up its economy to private businesses and foreign investment. This has led to increased innovation, efficiency, and product variety.
*Greater emphasis on market forces: While the government continues to play a role in guiding the economy, prices and production are now largely determined by supply and demand rather than central planning.
Trade and Investment:
*Openness to global trade: China has become a major exporter of goods and services, actively participating in international trade agreements and organizations. This has boosted its economic growth and global influence.
*Attracting foreign investment: China has implemented policies to attract foreign investment, providing access to its large domestic market and skilled labor force. This has fueled technological advancements and diversification within the economy.
Focus and Growth:
*Shift from heavy industry to service sector: The Chinese economy has transitioned from being heavily reliant on heavy industry and manufacturing to a more service-oriented economy. This includes areas like finance, healthcare, and tourism.
*Consumerism and internal market: Consumption and domestic demand have become crucial drivers of China's economic growth, replacing heavy reliance on exports. This has boosted the living standards of its citizens and created a larger internal market.
Challenges and Future:
*Income inequality: The rapid economic growth has led to widening income inequality, posing social and political challenges.
*Environmental concerns: China's rapid industrialization has resulted in significant environmental pollution. The government is facing pressure to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability.
*Political control: Although more market-oriented, the Chinese Communist Party still maintains tight control over the economy, raising concerns about transparency and competition.
In conclusion, China's economic transformation from a command economy to a more market-oriented one has brought significant progress, but also new challenges. Balancing continued growth with social equity, environmental sustainability, and political openness will be key for China's future economic success.
10. How did the European countries resolve their post-Second World War problem? Briefly outline the attempts that led to the formation of the European Union.
Answer: Following the devastation of World War II, European countries faced immense economic, political, and social challenges. To overcome these issues and prevent future conflicts, they embarked on a series of collaborative efforts that ultimately led to the formation of the European Union (EU). Here's a brief outline of the key attempts:
Early Initiatives (1945-1950s):
*Marshall Plan (1948): The US provided billions of dollars in aid to rebuild war-torn European economies, fostering cooperation and interdependence among recipient nations.
*Council of Europe (1949): Established as a platform for political dialogue and cooperation on human rights, legal matters, and cultural exchange.
*European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) (1951): This first successful supranational institution pooled coal and steel resources under a common authority, preventing these sectors from fueling future wars. It also laid the groundwork for economic integration.
Deepening Integration (1950s-1970s):
*Treaty of Rome (1957): Established the European Economic Community (EEC), aiming for a common market with free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor. This significantly boosted economic integration and trade within the EEC.
*Merger Treaties (1960s-1970s): Merged various institutions like the ECSC, EEC, and Euratom (Atomic Energy Community) into the European Communities, consolidating their activities and streamlining decision-making.
Expanding Europe (1980s-1990s):
*Single European Act (1986): Strengthened economic integration by removing remaining internal trade barriers and aimed for a "single market" by 1992.
*Maastricht Treaty (1993): Established the European Union (EU) with three pillars: European Communities, Common Foreign and Security Policy, and Justice and Home Affairs Cooperation. It also paved the way for a single currency (Euro) and further political cooperation.
Continuous Development (2000s-present):
*Eurozone launch (2002): Introduction of the Euro as the official currency for several member states, further deepening economic and financial integration.
*Lisbon Treaty (2007): Streamlined decision-making processes within the EU and addressed institutional challenges arising from enlargement.
*EU continues to expand and evolve: New member states join, internal markets and policies adapt, and the EU pursues a more prominent role in global affairs.
These collaborative efforts over decades demonstrate the commitment of European countries to overcome past divisions and build a more peaceful, prosperous, and united future. The EU, though not without its challenges, stands as a testament to the power of regional cooperation in addressing complex post-war problems.
11. What makes the European Union a highly influential regional organisation?
Answer: The European Union (EU) stands out as a highly influential regional organization due to a confluence of factors that combine its economic, political, and diplomatic clout:
Economic Strength:
*World's second-largest economy: Boasts a massive combined GDP, making it a powerful player in global trade and finance.
*Single market: Free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor within its member states creates a seamless and dynamic economic space.
*Eurozone: Shared currency used by several member states further increases economic stability and influence in international markets.
*Technological innovation: Invests heavily in research and development, fostering cutting-edge technology and industries.
Political Cohesion:
*Largest internal market: Offers unparalleled access to a diverse market of over 450 million consumers, attracting international trade and investment.
*Common foreign and security policy: Speaks with a united voice on international issues, wielding significant diplomatic power.
*Shared values and norms: Promotes democracy, human rights, and the rule of law, influencing global discussions on these issues.
*Institutional framework: Complex but effective governance structure facilitates coordinated decision-making and implementation of policies.
Diplomatic and Soft Power:
*Extensive network of trade agreements: Promotes free trade and economic partnerships with numerous countries and regions.
*Development and humanitarian aid: Plays a pivotal role in global development efforts and disaster relief, generating goodwill and influence.
*Cultural and educational exchange: Promotes European values and cultural diversity through various initiatives, fostering mutual understanding and soft power.
*Normative leadership: Champions multilateralism and international cooperation, setting standards for global governance and conflict resolution.
However, the EU also faces internal challenges, such as diverse national interests, bureaucratic complexities, and Euroscepticism in some member states. These can limit its ability to act with perfect unity and consistency on all issues.
Overall, the EU's combination of economic muscle, political coherence, and active international engagement makes it a highly influential regional organization shaping global affairs in diverse areas like trade, diplomacy, security, and development.
12. The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate your arguments.
Answer: Whether the emerging economies of China and India have the potential to challenge the unipolar world dominated by the United States is a complex question with no definitive answer. There are strong arguments to be made on both sides:
Arguments for China and India challenging the unipolar world:
*Economic growth: Both China and India have experienced spectacular economic growth in recent decades, becoming the world's second and third largest economies respectively. This economic power translates into increasing political and diplomatic influence.
*Large populations: China and India boast the world's two largest populations, providing enormous domestic markets and potential workforces. This demographic advantage can fuel further economic growth and global influence.
*Technological advancements: Both countries are investing heavily in research and development, making significant strides in technology sectors like artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and space exploration. This technological progress strengthens their economic and military capabilities.
*Regional leadership: China is increasingly asserting itself as a regional leader in Asia, while India plays a crucial role in South Asia. Their growing regional influence could challenge US dominance in these areas.
*Alternative models of governance: China's state-led capitalism and India's vibrant democracy offer alternative models of development and governance to the US-led liberal order, potentially appealing to other developing nations.
Arguments against China and India challenging the unipolar world:
*Internal challenges: Both countries face significant internal challenges like income inequality, social unrest, and environmental degradation. These issues could impede their ability to sustain economic growth and exert global influence.
*Limited political and military power: Though economically powerful, neither China nor India possess military capabilities rivaling the US. Additionally, their political systems and ideologies often diverge from those of the US, limiting cooperation and creating friction on geopolitical issues.
*US advantages: The US maintains a significant lead in areas like technology, military prowess, and soft power. Its alliances with Europe and other influential countries further bolster its global position.
*Uncertain global trends: The rise of multipolarity with other emerging powers like Brazil and Russia, coupled with growing uncertainties like climate change and technological disruptions, makes predicting future power dynamics complex.
Therefore, while China and India's economic prowess and potential cannot be ignored, their ability to truly challenge US dominance in the near future remains debatable. Both internal and external factors will play a crucial role in shaping their trajectories and their potential impact on the global order.
This is just a brief overview of the arguments on both sides. Further research and analysis on specific aspects of China's and India's rise, the future of US dominance, and the evolving global landscape can provide a more nuanced understanding of this complex issue.
13. The Peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisations. Justify this statement.
Answer: The statement that the peace and prosperity of countries lie in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organizations holds weight for several compelling reasons:
Economic Advantages:
*Trade liberalization: Regional trade agreements reduce tariffs and other barriers to trade, boosting economic activity and growth within the member states. This creates a larger market, lowers consumer prices, and encourages the diversification of economies.
*Investment and development: Regional organizations can facilitate joint investment projects and infrastructure development, benefiting all member states. This improves connectivity, creates jobs, and attracts foreign direct investment.
*Economic stability: Collaboration on economic policies, like currency stabilization and crisis management, can enhance regional stability and resilience against external shocks. This fosters an environment conducive to long-term economic planning and investment.
*Technology transfer and knowledge sharing: Regional organizations can promote the transfer of technology and expertise among member states, accelerating innovation and closing development gaps. This empowers all members to adapt to the changing global economy.
Political and Security Benefits:
*Peaceful conflict resolution: Regional organizations can provide platforms for dialogue and cooperation, preventing and resolving conflicts peacefully. This promotes regional stability and security, reducing the risk of armed conflict and displacement.
*Strengthened regional identity: Collaboration fosters a sense of shared identity and common goals among member states. This can reduce tensions and build trust, encouraging regional cooperation on security issues like counter-terrorism and piracy.
*Joint security measures: Regional organizations can facilitate coordinated responses to transnational threats like organized crime and natural disasters. This improves collective security and strengthens member states' resilience against common challenges.
Social and Cultural Development:
*Poverty reduction and improved living standards: Economic growth fostered by regional cooperation can lead to poverty reduction and improved living standards across member states. This can contribute to social stability and reduce inequality within the region.
*Enhanced cultural exchange and understanding: Regional organizations can promote cultural exchange and understanding among member states. This strengthens ties between people, fosters empathy, and creates a more peaceful and inclusive region.
*Cooperation on social issues: Regional organizations can collaborate on tackling shared social challenges like healthcare, education, and environmental protection. This improves the well-being of citizens and promotes sustainable development within the region.
While regional economic organizations are not a panacea for all challenges, their establishment and strengthening can significantly contribute to the peace and prosperity of member states. The economic advantages, political and security benefits, and social and cultural development fostered by regional cooperation create a more stable, secure, and prosperous environment for all members.
Of course, the success of regional economic organizations depends on various factors, including effective governance, commitment from member states, and addressing potential challenges like unequal development and political rivalries. Nevertheless, the potential benefits of strong regional economic cooperation for peace and prosperity are undeniable.
14. Identify the contentious issues between China and India. How could these be resolved for greater cooperation? Give your suggestions
Answer: Several contentious issues complicate the relationship between China and India, hindering further cooperation:
Border Disputes:
*Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh: Both nations claim territorial rights over these regions, leading to military standoffs and tensions.
*Line of Actual Control (LAC): The undefined de facto border remains a source of friction and potential misunderstanding.
Water Sharing:
*Brahmaputra River: Dispute over water rights and hydroelectric projects on the river creates mistrust and concerns about water security.
*Other transboundary rivers: Similar disagreements on water sharing of other rivers flowing across both countries add to the complexities.
Trade and Economic Issues:
*Trade deficit: India's massive trade deficit with China raises concerns about economic imbalance and unfair trade practices.
*Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): India's reservations about the BRI and its implications for regional security create friction.
Security Concerns:
* China-Pakistan relations: India views China's close ties with Pakistan as a threat to its own security interests.
*Competition in the Indian Ocean: China's growing presence in the Indian Ocean region is perceived by India as a challenge to its regional dominance.
*Ideological Differences:
*Political systems: India's democracy and China's authoritarian system create differing perspectives on global governance and human rights.
*South China Sea disputes: India's support for a rules-based order in the South China Sea clashes with China's territorial claims.
Possible avenues for resolving these issues and enhancing cooperation:
*Direct dialogue and communication: Regular diplomatic talks and channels for open communication are crucial to addressing concerns and preventing misunderstandings.
*Border dispute resolution mechanisms: Establishing clear mechanisms for border management and dispute resolution can alleviate tensions and build trust.
*Water cooperation agreements: Collaborative water management frameworks and data sharing can ensure equitable allocation and sustainable use of shared water resources.
*Balanced trade agreements: Addressing India's trade concerns and promoting fairer trade practices can strengthen economic ties and reduce the deficit.
*Focus on shared interests: Identifying common areas of interest like climate change, counter-terrorism, and regional development can foster cooperation and build trust.
*Confidence-building measures: Increasing military transparency, cultural exchange programs, and joint disaster relief efforts can foster a more constructive relationship.
*Multilateral platforms: Engaging in discussions through regional and international platforms like ASEAN, G20, and BRICS can provide neutral ground for dialogue and cooperation.
These are just suggestions, and the effectiveness of any approach will depend on the commitment and flexibility of both parties.
Building a better relationship between China and India requires sustained effort, mutual respect, and a willingness to address each other's concerns. The path to greater cooperation will be complex and wymaga negotiation, but the potential benefits for both nations and the region are significant.
Answer By: Himashree Bora.
