The concept of region or regional geography
1) What is meant by region? Explain the importance of
regions in the study of geography.
Answer: In the general sense, a region refers to the
presence of an area of the Earth's surface ǀ but in geography the term region
has a different definition ǀ it describes the natural, social, political or
economic condition of an area ofthe Earth's surface
Our
world is diverse. Every region or every place has its own existence and
characteristics. There are also differences in environment. The natural
environment varies from place to place on the Earth's surface due to many
factors such as the Earth's position in the Solar System, its own shape,
structure, and rotation. The status and properties of resources vary in
different natural environments. The economic development based on it will
naturally be different. There are also differences in social background,
customs, language, dress, eating habits, etc. from one environment to another.
The inclusion of regions in the study of geography therefore provides a glimpse
of much knowledge in this direction ǀ
2) Explain how areas can be identified on the surface ǀ
Answer: Different regions of the world reflect their own
geographical, social, political or economic ǀ so to get an overall overview it
is necessary to divide the big world into smaller parts. Only then will it be
possible to determine the true nature of each part. Geographers divide the
Earth's surface for the convenience of study for specific purposes. Such
classification is usually done in two ways: (1) on the basis of similarity of
geographical components and (2) on the basis of functional relationships of
components. A part identified on the basis of similarity is called a homologous
region and a part identified on the basis of functional relationship is called
a functional region. Homogeneous areas Natural areas are identified based on
the similarity of natural components such as soil, climate, plants etc. For
example, the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam can be considered as a small natural
region ǀsuch regions are defined based on the functional relationships between
components. Functional areas are usually identified around the city or market.
For example, the areas around a city are interconnected with the city in such a
way that the surrounding area is interconnected with the city. For example, the
city of Guwahati in Assam has a large functional area.
3. Distinguish between homologous regions and functional
regions ǀ
Answer:
1) Symbiotic areas Natural areas are identified based on the similarity of natural components such as soil, climate, vegetation etc.
2. Certain components are selected and co-region is identified ǀ
3. Different components belonging to homogeneous regions may not be dependent on each other ǀ
active region =
1) Such zones are defined based on the functional relationship between the components. Functional zones are usually identified around the city or market centre.
2. Functional zones are defined based on socio-economic and communication status ǀ
3. The different components belonging to the functional area are interdependent ǀ
4. What is the regional geography of the world? What is
the significance of such a study?
Answer: Regional geography presents the overall
geographical picture of a region, country or continent of the world ǀ it
details the natural, social, economic and transportation conditions within a
country or region ǀ regional geography also gives an overview of spatial
differences within the region ǀ presents the relationship or difference between
the region in question and the region in question
Regional
geography can be a good study of a region. Studying several regions
simultaneously reveals which region is ahead and which is lagging behind.
Regional geographical studies can also determine why an area is lagging behind.
Thus, regional geography can help in regional development planning. Therefore,
what is a region, how it can be defined, how regional development can be made
possible, are related to the subject of geography, especially regional
geography
5) What is meant by 'natural zone'? How many natural
zones can the whole world be divided into? Name each and show them on the map ǀ
Answer: Natural areas are those parts of the Earth's
surface that have almost the same topography, climate, natural vegetation and
soil properties.
The major natural regions of the world are:
(1) Equatorial regions
(2) Monsoon regions
(3) Tropical grassland region
(4) Tropical hot desert regions
(5) The Mediterranean region
(6) Mid-latitude desert regions
(7) Mid-latitude temperate zone.
(8) Mid-latitude grassland region
(9) Cold simple forest areas
(10) Cold polar regions
(11) High mountainous areas
6. How can knowledge of the regional geography of the
Earth be gained through the study of natural areas? Write briefly.
Answer: Natural areas are those parts of the Earth's
surface that have almost the same topography, climate, natural vegetation and
soil properties. Some of these characteristics of the natural environment
distinguish one region from another. There is no significant difference in the
natural environment and human lifestyle between the places within such a
natural area. Similarly, regional differences in natural and socio-economic
conditions are also evident within a continent, country or state. Therefore, to
know the overall state of a continent, country or state, one must carefully
study every component of its natural and human environment and the
relationships between them. Therefore, the study of natural regions is
important ǀ Regional studies provide knowledge about the environment of a
country or region as well as socio-economic development and related problems.
7. Write about the geographical environment of each
natural region of the world ǀ
Answer:
1. Equatorial Zone - The equatorial zone is located
between 10° north and 10° south latitudes on both sides of the equator. The
climate of this region is warm and humid. The sun's rays fall almost vertically
in this region and there is little difference in temperature between day and
night and between summer and winter. The average annual temperature is 27°C.
The average annual rainfall in this equatorial region is 200 cm. The Amazon
River Basin in South America, the Congo River Basin in Africa (now the Zaire
Basin), the Guinea Coast in West Africa, and the Malaysian Peninsula in
Southeast Asia, and the Indonesian and Philippine Islands belong to the
equatorial region.
2. Monsoon Zone- The monsoon zone generally extends from
10° to 30° north latitude to the north of the equatorial region and from 10° to
30° south latitude to the south. In fact, the areas affected by the monsoon
winds belong to this region. The main characteristic of the climate of the
monsoon region is the change of seasons—hot and humid summers and cold. and dry
winters. The temperature difference between summer and winter is 15°C. The
average annual rainfall is 200 cm. The monsoon zone extends to tropical and
subtropical latitudes. It belongs to the monsoon natural regions of South Asia
including India, Southeast Asia, northeastern Australia, eastern Africa,
eastern Brazil, Central America, etc.
3. Mediterranean Region - The Mediterranean climate is
generally found in the western margins of the continent in midlatitudes and
especially in the northern part of the tropical deserts. This | The natural
region is characterized by hot and dry summers and cold and dry winters. This
means that the region receives rainfall only in winter. Summer here is somewhat
long. The average temperature throughout the year is 8-25°C. The annual
rainfall is 25-75 cm. These natural conditions are usually found in the
areas along the Mediterranean Sea. The region consists of southern Europe,
southwestern Asia and northern Africa along the Mediterranean Sea
4. Cold Simple Forests – Cold Simple Forests are located
between 50-70° latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the
tundra region to the north and the mid-latitude grassland region to the south.
This is. The climate of the region is somewhat dry and cold. In summer,
temperatures rise to an average of 15 degrees Celsius. In winter, snow falls
due to lower temperatures. Summer is shorter than winter in this region. There
is some rainfall in summer. The region extends from Scandinavia in Europe
to the Pacific coast in the east and from Alaska in North America to the
Atlantic coast in the east. It covers a large area of Europe, Asia and North
America.
5. Mid-latitude temperate zones – Temperate natural zones
in many parts of mid-latitudes in both hemispheres of the Earth. existing.
These natural areas are generally found in many places in the northern
hemisphere from the equinox of Cancer (23° north) to 50° north latitude and in
parts of the southern hemisphere from the equinox of Capricorn (23 south) to
50° south latitude. There is little incidence of cold poisoning in this area.
Summer temperatures average 15°C and winters 5-10°C. The climate of the coastal
areas is temperate. The average annual rainfall is between 75-150 cm. Rainfall
decreases with distance from the sea. Winters in this area are very dry.
6. Tropical Grasslands- Tropical grasslands are usually
found at the end of continents in the tropical zone ǀ extending to 10°—25°
north and south latitudes in South America, Africa and Australia. Such
grasslands have a special natural condition between equatorial and tropical
desert regions. The climate of the tropical steppe region is characterized by
warm and short summers and dry and long winters. Daily and seasonal temperature
variations are high in this region. The rainfall during the year is moderate
(25—100 cm). The Oriniko River Basin in South America, located in the Brazilian
Highlands and Venezuela, the northern and southern parts of the Zaire Basin in
Africa, the East African Highlands and parts of South Africa, and the northern
part of Australia belong to the Tropical Grassland Region.
7. High mountainous areas – As the altitude increases, a
special natural condition prevails in the mountainous areas. The Himalayas in
Asia, the Alps in Europe, the Rocky Mountains in North America and the Andes in
South America cover vast areas. The temperature decreases noticeably with
increasing altitude. For example, its peaks in the Andes Mountains are always
covered with snow. The northernmost and southernmost parts of the Earth covered
with snow throughout the year are called the polar regions. ǀIn the Northern
Hemisphere, this region is usually located north of the Arctic Circle. In
winter, the temperature drops to -18°C. There is almost no rain here. In winter
there is rather plenty of snow. Because it is snow-covered most of the year, it
includes the polar regions of Asia in the Northern Hemisphere, Europe and North
America, including Greenland, and Antarctica in the Southern Hemisphere.
8. Mid-Latitude Grasslands – Mid-Latitude Grasslands are
located between 30°—50° Nari latitude in the Northern Hemisphere and south of
the Capricorn Eclipse (231 ̊2 S) in the Southern Hemisphere. In fact, the
interior of the continents has become a grassland due to low rainfall. The
inland location has increased the temperature difference between summer and
winter in the region. It receives some rainfall only in summer. The average
annual rainfall is only 15–50 cm.
There
is almost no vegetation in the area due to the cold weather. Central
North America, eastern Europe, central Asia, Argentina, parts of South Africa
and parts of Australia belong to this mid-latitude grassland region. The
meadows located in this area are known by different names. Such grasslands are
called steppes in Asia and Europe, prairies in North America, posh in Argentina
in South America, veld in South Africa and daursh in Australia.
9. Cold Polar Region- The northernmost and southernmost
parts of the Earth are covered with ice all year ǀIn the Northern Hemisphere,
this region is usually located north of 661 ̊2 of the Arctic Circle. In winter,
the temperature drops to -18°C. There is almost no rain here. In winter there
is rather plenty of snow. This natural region of the North Pole is known
as the Tundra region. This natural area includes the polar regions of Asia,
Europe and North America in the northern hemisphere, including Greenland, and
Antarctica in the southern hemisphere.
10. Tropical Hot Desert Regions –
Tropical
deserts are usually located at the western ends of continents ǀ these deserts
extend to the vicinity of the Cancer Eclipse (2312 ̊ north) and the Capricorn
Eclipse (2312 ̊ south). The climate in this region is almost always hot and
dry. The difference between day and night temperatures is large. In
summer, the daytime temperature rises to 45°C. The rainfall is very low. The
average annual rainfall is 20-25 cm. Due to lack of rainfall, only short
grasses and thorny plants grow in parts of such desert areas. Much of this area
is covered with sand. However, the desert gardens scattered around the desert
grow some date palms and are cultivated to an equal extent.
11. Middle latitude desert regions-
Parts
of the plateaus and basins at the end of Asia and North America are desert in
nature. Such natural areas are surrounded by high mountains. It is located far
from the sea and surrounded by high mountains and receives very little
rainfall. Due to its continental location, the temperature difference between
summer and winter is high. Similarly, the difference in temperature between day
and night is also noteworthy. Winter is somewhat snowy in the region.
8. Discuss the climate and plants prevailing in different
natural regions of the world
Answer:
a) Equatorial Zone: The equatorial zone is located on
both sides of Vishnu between 10° north and 10° south latitude. The climate of
this region is warm and humid. The sun's rays fall almost vertically in this
region and there is little difference in temperature between day and night and
between summer and winter. The average annual temperature is 27°C. The average
annual rainfall in this equatorial region is 200 cm.
Almost
the entire equatorial region is covered with evergreen dense forests. There are
also numerous small shrubs and trees ǀ dense forests and the natural
environment of the area is not suitable for human habitation due to extreme
heat and rainfall throughout the year.
b) Monsoon Zone: The monsoon zone generally extends from
10° to 30° north latitude to the north of the equatorial region and from 10° to
30° south latitude to the south. In fact, the areas affected by the monsoon
winds belong to this region. The main characteristic of the climate of the
monsoon region is the change of seasons—hot and humid summers and cold and dry
winters. The temperature difference between summer and winter is 15°C. The
average annual rainfall is 200 cm. Rainfall varies with the change of seasons
ǀ
Deciduous
plants are predominant in this area. In winter, these plants lose their leaves
due to lack of rainfall.
c) Tropical Grasslands: Tropical grasslands are usually
found at the end of continents in the tropical zone ǀ extending to 10°—25°
north and south latitudes in South America, Africa and Australia. Such
grasslands have a special natural environment between equatorial and tropical
desert regions. The climate of the tropical steppe region is characterized by
warm and short summers and dry and long winters. There is a high daily and
seasonal temperature variation in this region. The rainfall during the year is moderate
(25—100 cm).
Due
to the tropical climate, herbaceous plants up to 3 m tall form extensive
grasslands in the area. Such grasslands in the tropics are known as savannahs.
The grasslands of Venezuela and Brazil are locally known as Lanos and Campos,
respectively.
d) Tropical Hot Deserts: Tropical deserts are usually
located at the western ends of continents ǀ these deserts extend to the
vicinity of the Cancer Eclipse (2312 ̊ north) and the Capricorn Eclipse (2312 ̊
south). The climate in this region is almost always hot and dry. The difference
between day and night temperatures is large. In summer, the daytime
temperature rises to 45°C. The rainfall is very low. The average annual
rainfall is 20-25 cm.
Due
to lack of rainfall, only short grasses and thorny plants grow in parts of such
desert areas. Much of this area is covered with sand. However, the desert
gardens scattered around the desert grow some date palms and are cultivated to
an equal extent.
e) Middle Latitude Deserts: Parts of the plateaus and
basins of the end of Asia and North America are desert in nature. Such natural
areas are surrounded by high mountains. It is located far from the sea and
surrounded by high mountains and receives very little rainfall. Due to its
continental location, the temperature difference between summer and winter is
high. Similarly, the difference in temperature between day and night is also
noteworthy. Winter is somewhat snowy in the region.
f) Temperate regions of middle latitudes: Many parts of
middle latitudes in both hemispheres of the Earth have temperate natural
regions. These natural areas are generally found in many places in the northern
hemisphere from the equinox of Cancer (231 ̊2 north) to 50° north latitude and
in parts of the southern hemisphere from the equinox of Capricorn (231 ̊2
south) to 50° south latitude. There is little incidence of cold poisoning in
this area. Summer temperatures average 15°C and winters 5-10°C. The climate of
the coastal areas is temperate. The average annual rainfall is between 75-150
cm. Rainfall decreases with increasing distance from the sea. They get. Winters
in this area are very dry. according to the variation in precipitation.
There
are many types of natural vegetation in this area. However, deciduous plants
are found in most places. On the other hand, evergreens are dominant in areas
with slightly higher rainfall and simple vegetation is dominant in areas along
the mountains. Its forests are very thick ǀ
g) Mid-latitude grasslands: Mid-latitude grasslands are
located between 30°—50° Nari latitude in the northern hemisphere and south of
the Capricorn eclipse (231 ̊2 south) in the southern hemisphere. In fact, the
low rainfall at the end of the continents has turned these areas into
grasslands. The inland location has increased the temperature difference
between summer and winter in the region. It receives some rainfall only in
summer. The average annual rainfall is only 15–50 cm.
There
is almost no vegetation in the area due to the cold weather. Central
North America, eastern Europe, central Asia, Argentina, parts of South Africa
and parts of Australia belong to this mid-latitude grassland region. The
meadows located in this area are known by different names. Such grasslands are
called steppes in Asia and Europe, prairies in North America, posh in Argentina
in South America, veld in South Africa and daursh in Australia.
h) Cold Simple Forest Zone: Cold Simple Forest Zone
extends between 50-70° latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. It is bordered by
the tundra region to the north and the mid-latitude grassland region to the
south. This is. The climate of the region is somewhat dry and cold. In summer,
temperatures rise to an average of 15 degrees Celsius. In winter, snow falls
due to lower temperatures. Summer is shorter than winter in this region. There
is some rainfall in summer.
Due
to its cool and dry climate, the region is covered with evergreen forests.
Softwood forest land filled with such simple trees is called taiga.
i) Cold Polar Region: The northernmost and southernmost
parts of the Earth are covered with ice throughout the year. ǀIn the Northern
Hemisphere, this region is usually located north of 661 ̊2 of the Arctic Circle
It stays inside. In winter, the temperature drops to -18°C. There is almost no
rain here. In winter there is rather plenty of snow.
No
plants can grow in this area as it is covered with snow most of the year. With
some warming in summer, grasses, algae and teak plants grow in areas where the
snow begins to melt. This natural region of the North Pole is known as the
Tundra region.
j) Mediterranean Region: The Mediterranean climate is
generally prevalent in the western margins of the continent in midlatitudes and
especially in the northern part of the tropical deserts. This | The natural
region is characterized by hot and dry summers and cold and dry winters. This
means that the region receives rainfall only in winter. Summer here is somewhat
long. The average temperature throughout the year is 8-25°C. The annual
rainfall is 25-75 cm.
Evergreen
short trees and shrub forests are the main natural vegetation of the
area.
k) High mountainous areas: As the altitude increases, a
special natural condition prevails in the mountainous areas. The Himalayas in
Asia, the Alps in Europe, the Rocky Mountains in North America and the Andes in
South America cover vast areas. The temperature decreases noticeably with
increasing altitude. For example, although the southern Andes have equatorial
forests, their higher peaks are always covered with snow.
The
climate and natural vegetation characteristics of mountainous areas also change
depending on the wind direction. The southern slopes of the Himalayas receive
heavy rains under the influence of monsoon winds, creating dense forests in
this part. The northern part of the Himalayas, which faces the intense plateau,
is almost devoid of vegetation due to lack of rainfall. Thus, different
climates and natural vegetation can be seen within a very short distance due to
changes in elevation and slope.
9. Give a description of the lifestyle of people living
in different natural regions of the world ǀ
Answer:
a) Equatorial zone:
People
have been farming permanently for centuries on the island of Java in Indonesia
and in parts of the Philippines. After clearing the forest, the farmers cut
trenches on the hillsides to carry out agriculture. They also grow a variety of
crops in deep places. Paddy is the main crop of this region. On the other hand,
much of Malaysia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka use plantation agriculture to produce
rubber, tea and coffee ǀ much of the produce was exported to European
countries, including Great Britain. Most of the Malay Peninsula is covered with
rows of rubber trees. The entire region is economically developed through
rubber cultivation as well as tea and coffee cultivation. The quality of life
of the people has improved. Modern facilities have also increased.
b) Seasonal zones:
Agriculture
is the main occupation of the people of the monsoon region. Agricultural
production is high in the river valleys. The region is suitable for the
production of various crops due to its hot and dry climate and seasonal
changes. Apart from the main crop paddy, wheat, maize, cotton, cotton,
oilseeds, tea etc. are grown in the region. The region is also rich in natural
resources. The area is also densely populated. About 40 percent of the world's
population lives in this monsoon region. The region has witnessed economic
development with the development of science and technology.
c) Tropical grassland areas:
Tropical
grasslands are very suitable for animal husbandry. Commercial cattle, horses,
mosquitoes, sheep and goats are raised in most parts of the region. Such
grassland areas are also home to wildlife. Therefore, many of the inhabitants
of this area earn their living by raising animals and hunting. In addition,
maize, sorghum, cotton, Chinese nut etc. are also grown to some extent in some
places. This area is very sparsely populated. Most of the tropical grasslands
are socially and economically backward due to poor transportation and lack of
essential production facilities.
d) Tropical hot desert regions:
Most
of the desert areas are uninhabited. Only some places are inhabited by nomadic
herdsmen. The Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert and the Aborigines of Australia's
Great Desert make a living by gathering food from nature and hunting wildlife.
The Bedouins, who live in the Sahara and Arabian regions, earn their living by
raising camels, horses, sheep, goats, etc. However, agriculture has developed
through irrigation in the Nile Valley and delta regions. The area is
permanently populated and densely populated. On the other hand, the occupations
and economic conditions of the people of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq,
which are rich in petroleum resources despite being in the desert regions, are
completely different.
e) Mediterranean Region:
Agriculture
is the main occupation of the people of the Mediterranean region. The plains of
this region are mainly cultivated with wheat, barley, maize, cotton, tobacco
etc. depending on winter rains and irrigation. On the other hand, the hillsides
are cultivated with a variety of fruits and vegetables, including grapes and
apples. The people of this region are engaged in exporting various food items
from the fruits and vegetables produced. A variety of wines are made from the
abundant grapes produced. The region is world famous for its large-scale
industry based on fruits and vegetables. Therefore, the whole region is
economically advanced. The climate is mild and healthy and the population is
dense.
f) Mid-latitude desert regions:
The
mid-latitude desert regions are mainly inhabited by nomadic pastoralists,
mainly in the Tibet and parts of the Patagonian Plateau and the Gobi Desert.
These people have no permanent settlement as they move in search of fodder.
However, irrigation has recently made some agriculture possible in the river
valley areas. There has also been some economic improvement due to mineral
exploration and industrialization. The entire area is sparsely populated. Some
areas are relatively densely settled based on agriculture and industry.
g) Temperate regions of middle latitudes:
Most
of the temperate natural regions are cultivated with improved methods.
Intensive agriculture is practiced due to the dense population of northwestern
Europe and northeastern China. Wheat and rice are grown extensively. The United
States is sparsely populated and extensively agricultural. The east coast
of South Africa is famous for its maize cultivation. In many parts of Western
Europe, animal husbandry is practiced on a commercial basis as well as
agriculture. In addition, the fishing industry has developed in coastal areas
of China, Japan and Western Europe. The United States, Western Europe and parts
of Japan are rich in mineral resources. Also, human resource development and
transportation facilities have led the whole region in terms of industry
ǀ
h) Middle latitude grassland areas:
Most
of the people living in the grasslands of Central Asia are nomadic tribes.
Their main occupation is animal husbandry. However, in the United States,
Canada, Argentina, Australia and Russia, such grasslands are widely cultivated.
Wheat is the main crop grown commercially in the region. Currently, these
countries are the main exporters of wheat. Livestock is also raised
commercially in grasslands in Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. The area
has also developed a dairy industry based on domesticated cattle. Also the meat
of cattle and sheep and goats, and the wool of sheep are produced and exported
to various countries. Despite some economic progress, such grassland areas are
still sparsely populated.
i) Cool simple forest areas:
The
area is sparsely populated. The area is not suitable for agriculture and
livestock breeding. Most of the inhabitants earn their living by hunting
animals and collecting timber. European countries such as Norway, Finland and
Sweden are famous for their wood pulp and the paper made from it. The discovery
of minerals in Canada, Alaska and Siberia has led to the development of
industrial centers in many parts of the region. This has resulted in the
economic development of these places. Currently, some agriculture and sheep
farming are practiced in the southern part of the taiga region.
j) Cold polar regions:
The
extremely cold climate makes it very difficult to make a living in the tundra
region. Permanent settlement is not possible here. The population density in
this area is less than one per square kilometre. The tribals here live a kind
of nomadic life. These people earn their living by hunting animals and
collecting fish from the sea. The aborigines, who live in Alaska, northern
Canada, and Greenland, are Eskimos and Lechs; Lashes and Fishes in Northern
Europe and; and in Siberia known as Samwed and Yakut. In winter, the Eskimos
live in ice igloos. In summer, however, they take strange shelters made of
sealskins. Such is called a ‘ typical’. In the dry season, the Eskimos fish and
hunt animals in boats made of animal skins called kayaks and umiaks. Dog-drawn
sledges are the main means of transportation for these people.
k) High mountainous areas:
The
lifestyle in the mountainous areas is very difficult and the population is
sparse. Animal husbandry and timber trade are the main occupations of the
people of this region. The river valleys are mainly used for agriculture.
However, the inhabitants of the mountainous areas cultivate in a primitive
manner. The tribal people have been doing such jhum cultivation in the
agricultural areas for many centuries. Minerals have also been discovered in
some parts of the mountainous regions. In addition, many places in the
mountainous regions have developed as mountain residences and tourism centers
due to their natural beauty and healthy environment. Darjeeling, Mussoorie,
Nainital, Shimla, Shillong, etc. are some of the tourist destinations in India.
10. What are the other continents in the world? Give a
brief geographical introduction to each continent
Answer: There are 7 major continents of the world ǀ they
are:
1)
Asia
2)
Europe
3)
Africa
4)
North America
5)
South America
6)
Oceania
7)
Antarctica
Asia: Asia is the largest continent in the world. It
covers about 30 percent of the Earth's land area (44.4 million square
kilometers). Asia is mainly located in the northern hemisphere. It extends from
1°N latitude in the south to 78°N latitude in the north and from 25°E longitude
to 170°W longitude in the east. Broadly, the North Sea to the north of Asia;
the Bering Strait and the Pacific Ocean to the east; the Indian Ocean to the
south; and on the west by the Red Sea, the Suez Canal, the Mediterranean Sea,
the Caucasus Mountains, and the Caspian Sea; The Ural River and the Ural
Mountains. The continent is about 8,400 km north-south and about 9,600 km
east-west. It has a coastline of about 58,000 km.
Africa: Africa is the second largest continent in the
world. With an area of just over 30 million square kilometers, Africa covers
about 20 percent of the Earth's land area. The equator, which runs almost
through the continent, divides it into two parts. The continent of Africa lies
between 37° North latitude in the north and 34° South latitude in the south,
and 51° East longitude in the east and 17° West longitude in the west. It is
bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north; the Southern Ocean to the
south; the Indian Ocean to the east; and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It has
a coastline of about 30,000 km.
Europe: The continent of Europe is located on the
northwestern border of Asia. It belongs entirely to the Northern Hemisphere.
The continent extends from 36°N latitude in the south to 71°N latitude in the
north and from 10°W longitude in the west to 65°E longitude in the east. It
covers an area of 10.9 million square kilometers, or about 7.3 percent of the
Earth's land area. Europe is bordered by Asia to the east, the Atlantic Ocean
to the west, the North Sea to the north and the Mediterranean, Caspian and
Black Seas to the south. Naturally, the Ural Mountains and the Ural River
separate Europe from Asia. The continent of Europe is surrounded by oceans on
three sides. Its mainland has a coastline of about 38,000 km.
North America: North America is the third largest
continent in the world ǀcovering an area of24.3 million square kilometers, or
16.3 percent of the Earth's total land area. This continent of America is
called North America because it is located in the northern hemisphere. The
continent extends from 7°N latitude in the south to 83°N latitude in the north
and from 50°W longitude in the west to 168°W longitude in the west. The
continent of North America is 4,960 km long east-west and 9,600 km long north-south.
The continent extends from the cold North Pole to the warm equatorial region.
It is bordered by the North Sea to the north, South America, the Gulf of Mexico
and the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the
Bering Strait, the Bering Strait and the Pacific Ocean to the west
South America: South America is the continent just south
of North America. It lies between 12° N latitude in the north to 55° S latitude
in the south and 35° W longitude in the east to 81° W longitude in the west.
The continent is shaped like an inverted triangle. This means that the northern
part is quite wide and the southern part is very narrow. It is about 7,500 km
north-south and about 5,100 km east-west. The continent covers a total area of
about 18 million square kilometers, or 12.2 percent of the land area. South
America is bordered by North America, the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean
to the north; the Southern Ocean to the south; It is bordered by the Pacific
Ocean to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.
Oceania: Oceania consists of many small and large islands
in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, including Australia, including New Zealand,
Tasmania, and New Guinea. This continent is located south of Asia and entirely
in the southern hemisphere of the Earth. It extends from 0° equator in the
north to 48° S latitude in the south and from 113° E longitude in the west to
about 180° longitude in the east. Australia is the largest country on the
continent and the sixth largest in the world with an area of 7.7 million
square kilometres. Oceania has a coastline of about 10,000 km and a total land
area of about 9 million square kilometres, including Australia, New Zealand,
Tasmania, New Guinea and many other islands. Oceania is thus the smallest
continent on Earth. It is bordered by the Java-Sumatra-Celebes Islands and the
Pacific Ocean in Southeast Asia to the north, the Southern Ocean and Antarctica
to the south, the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Indian Ocean to the west.
11. Which is the largest continent in the world? Briefly
describe the topography of that continent ǀ
Answer: The largest continent in the world is Asia ǀ
Asia
is covered with high mountain ranges, plateaus, river valleys, lowlands,
coastal plains, islands, deserts, etc. Its central part is covered with
mountains and plateaus.
The
mountain ranges include the Ural Mountains on the western border of the
continent, the Himalayas and their tributaries, the Karakoram Mountains, and
the Aravali Mountains, which extend east-west in the middle. Everest (8,848 m),
the highest peak in the Himalayas, and Godwin Austin (8,611 m), the second
highest peak in the Karakoram Mountains, are located in Asia.
Plateaus
include the Tibetan Plateau, the highest water plateau in the world, the
Siberian Plateau, the Mongolian Plateau, the Southern Plateau, and the Iranian
Plateau.
Many
major rivers originate from the highlands of the continent and flow into the
oceans to the north, south and east, forming several fertile plains and
islands. These include the plains of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers
in the south-central part of the continent; the plains of the Ob, Yenishi and
Lena rivers in the northern part; the plains of the Amur, Huangho, Yangtze and
Mekong rivers to the east; and the plains of the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna,
Cauvery, Menam, Iravati and Mekong to the south-southeast. In addition, the
oceans on the northeastern and southern borders of the continent form coastal
plains.
The
islands of Asia, especially in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, include Japan,
Taiwan, the Philippines, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sylvester, Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Sri Lanka, Lakshadweep, Maldives and Bahrain. The continent is also
home to the Gobi, Thar and Arabian deserts.
12. Which is the most populous continent in the world?
Briefly describe the population and economic characteristics of that continent
ǀ
Answer: Asia is the most populous continent in the world
Population of Asia:
According
to 2007 estimates, the continent has a total population of 4.01 billion, or
three-fifths of the world's population. The continent is also unevenly
distributed due to its geographical diversity. About three-quarters of the
population lives in the tropical and subtropical monsoon regions of the south,
southeast and east. For example, only two of the 49 countries in Asia (China
and India) have 61 per cent of the population. Some of the major cities in the
continent are Tokyo, Beijing, Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta, Singapore, Seoul,
Shanghai, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Taipei. 41 percent of the
continent's population is urban. It has an average per capita national income
of US$6,630.
Economic characteristics of the continent:
Asia
is rich in natural resources ǀNatural resources include forests, minerals and
agriculture ǀThe abundance of various mineral resources in different parts of
the continent has led to economic development for mineral exploration and
industrialization ǀ such as coal and natural gas in India, Myanmar, China,
Siberia; Iron ore in Indonesia, Philippines, China, India, manganese in India
and Siberia continue industrialization ǀ desert areas of West Asia like Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman etc. are rich in petroleum resources
The standard of living is much better ǀ
The
main economy of the continent is still dependent on agriculture ǀ the
continent's countries in the Pacific region grow rice, wheat, maize, tobacco,
cotton, rubber, tea, coffee etc. ǀ a large part of the produce is exported to
European countries The area has been developed economically through plantation
agriculture like rubber and tea and coffee
13. State the geographical features of the continent of
Europe ǀ
Answer:
-:
The geographical structure of the European continent is very complex and
diverse. Geographically, Europe can be broadly divided into two parts. The
northern part is almost flat from the French coast in the west to the Ural
Mountains in the east. However, the southern part (from Spain to the Black Sea)
is steep with mountainous plateaus.
-:
The northern border region of the continent and the southern highlands are
heavily influenced by glaciers. The mountain ranges of southern Europe include
the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Caucasus. Mount Elbrus (5,633 m) is the
highest peak in Europe in the Caucasus Mountains. The highest peak in the Alps
is Mount Blanc (4,807 metres).
Rivers
include the Elbro in Spain, the Rhone and Seine in France, the Rhine and the
Seine in Germany, the Oder and Vistula in Poland, the Danube in Austria,
Hungary and Romania, the Nipper in Belarus and Ukraine, the Po in Italy
Particularly noteworthy.
-:
The main islands of the continent are the British Isles in the Atlantic Ocean,
Ireland, etc. ǀ
14. Briefly describe the topography and mineral resources
of North America.
Answer: The North American continent is full of
geographical inequalities. The highest point is Mekille Peak (6,194 meters) and
the lowest point is Death Valley (86 meters below sea level). The western and
eastern parts of the continent are mountainous from north to south. The rest is
covered with high and low plains. Therefore, depending on the topography of the
continent, it can be divided into four main parts:
(1) Rocky Mountain region,
(ii) vast high plains,
(3) Appalachian upland region and
(4) Coastal plain region.
Rocky
Mountains: The Great Plains are the area of eroded plateaus and sedimentary
plains extending from northern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, located to the
east and the Appalachian Highlands to the west. This portion of the south has
been converted into an alluvial plain by vast rivers such as the Mississippi,
Missouri, and Ohio.
The
Appalachian Highlands are a steep region of mountains, steep valleys, and
broken plateaus in the eastern part of the continent, from Newfoundland in the
north to Florida in the south. The highest point in the region is only 1,917 m
(Mount Washington). The southern part of the region is covered by the Allegheny
and Bloridge Mountains.
The
Coastal Plain is the plain along the Atlantic Ocean coast east of the
Appalachian Highlands, from Nova Scotia in the north to Panama in the south.
The region is covered with several large river estuaries as well as many
wetlands and forests. There are no extensive plains on the West Coast except
for the steep coastal plains of California. The northern part of the coast,
from Alask in the west to Newfaugland in the east, is largely broken. There are
also many small and large islands in the north and southeast of the continent.
Mineral
resources: North America is rich in natural resources. The continent is
rich in mineral resources such as iron, nickel, cobalt, mica ǀ in addition to
significant coal, petroleum and natural gas production in Canada, the United
States and Mexico. Based on the production of such raw material supply
industries, automotive, railway, ship, etc. industries have been established in
various parts of the continent ǀ North America, especially Canada, has made
significant progress in hydropower generation.
15. Briefly write about the rivers and plants of South
America
Answer: a) Rivers of South America
The
landscape of South America is diverse. It's high here. There are almost all
landforms such as mountainous lands, riverine plains, plateaus, coastal plains,
islands, deserts, etc.
The
main rivers of the continent are the Orrico, Amazon, Paraná, Paraguay and
Uruguay rivers ǀ these rivers and their tributaries form a vast plain area of
about 700,000 square km on the continent, the largest in the world ǀ These
rivers are rich in biodiversity and are the main livelihoods of the people
living in different parts of the
continent
B. Plants of the South American continent
Different
regions of South America have a variety of plants, especially the Lanoz
grasslands in the Orinoco River basin, the Selva forests in the central Amazon
River basin and the Compos, Granchaco and Pompas earths in the southern
Paraguay-Parana-Uruguay basin Temperate grasslands are notable.
The
Amazon River basin in South America is a tropical climate with evergreen dense
forests ǀ the forests found in this part are called selvas ǀ small shrubs and
creepers are also found along the tropics ǀ
Because
part of the South American continent is tropical, it also has tropical
herbaceous vegetation ǀ grassland vegetation is found in the Brazilian
highlands of South America and the Orinoco River basin in Venezuela ǀ such
grasslands are up to 3 meters tall ǀ
Desert
plants are found in the tropical deserts of South America (Atacama, Patagonia
Plateau) ǀ such plants include short grasses, thorny cacti, and dates
16. Map the world's major mountain ranges and rivers
Answer:
|
The main mountain range in the world |
|||||
|
Asia |
Europe |
Africa |
North America |
South America |
Oceania |
|
Himalayas, Karakoram, Aravali kunlon, Tian Chian, Ural |
Mount Olympus, Bennevich, Mount Elbrach alpacas, Pyrenean, Carpathian Cauchy |
Kilimanjaro it is Ethiopian highlands, Edama Highlands, Drakensberg Highlands |
Appalachian Rocky, Allegheny, Blridge |
andes, Monticura, Cordillera, Cordillera Oriental, |
Great Dividing Range , The Snowy Mountains |
|
The major rivers of the world |
|||||
|
Asia |
Europe |
Africa |
North America |
South America |
Oceania |
|
Amur, Huangho, Yangtze Mekong, Mahanadi, Godavari,
Krishna, Cauvery,Iravati, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Iravati,Ob ,Lena,Yenishi |
elbow, Ron, Chein, Rhine, Oder Vistula,Austria, Danube, Nipper, Po, Thames, Don,
Valla, Ural |
Congo (Zayre) Niger, Zenbezi, Orange, Limpopo, Volta,
Senegal |
Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio Yukum, Mackenzie Riogrande,Red, Arkansas Colorado, pulled |
Oriniko, Amazon, Parana, Paraguay, Uruguay |
Murray Darling Victoria touch Philander |
17. Briefly describe the climate and lifestyle of the
African continent
Answer: Most of the African continent has a mainly
tropical climate. It has a subtropical and temperate climate only in the north
and south. The equatorial plains and coastal lands of the continent receive
considerable rainfall. However, the Sahara, Kalahari and Namibian desert
regions receive less than a centimeter of annual rainfall. As a result, many
parts of Africa are becoming increasingly dry.
Africa
is rich in water resources, forests and forest resources and mineral resources.
Most of its economies are dependent on agriculture. Agriculture accounts for
about one-third of the continent's total foreign income and about 70 percent of
its population depends on agriculture. 37 percent of the population of Africa
is urban and the average per capita income is $2,5
18. Which is the smallest continent in the world? Write a
few words about the geographical location of that continent ǀ
Answer: The smallest continent in the world is Oceania
Oceania
is made up of many small and large islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean,
including Australia, including New Zealand, Tasmania, and New Guinea. This
continent is located in the southern hemisphere of the Earth, the southern part
of Asia. It extends from 0° equator in the north to 48° south latitude in the
south and from 113° east longitude in the west to about 180° longitude in the
east.
Oceania
covers an area of about 9 million square kilometres, including Australia, New
Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea and many other islands. Oceania is thus the
smallest continent on Earth.
It
is bordered by the Java-Sumatra-Celebes Islands and the Pacific Ocean in
Southeast Asia to the north, the Southern Ocean and Antarctica to the south,
the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Indian Ocean to the west. This means that
the mainland of Oceania is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, Australia and other
islands.
19) Kiss typing
Answer:
a) Major grassland areas of the world:
The main grasses in the
world are:
1)
Tropical Grassland Zone: This zone extends to 10°-25° north and south latitudes
in Africa and Australia. The climate of the tropical steppe region is
characterized by hot and short summers and dry and long winters.There is a high
daily and seasonal temperature variation. The rainfall during the year is
moderate (25—100 cm). Due to this climate, herbaceous plants up to 3 meters
tall have formed extensive grasslands in the area. Such grasslands in the
tropics are known as savannahs.
2)
Mid-latitude grasslands: Mid-latitude grasslands are located between 30°—50°
Nari latitude in the Northern Hemisphere and south of the Capricorn Eclipse
(231 ̊2 S) in the Southern Hemisphere. In fact, the low rainfall at the end of
the continents has turned these areas into grasslands. There are few other
trees due to the severe winters. There is almost no vegetation in this area due
to the severe winters. Central North America, eastern Europe, central
Asia, Argentina, parts of South Africa and parts of Australia belong to this
mid-latitude grassland region. The meadows located in this area are known by
different names. Such grasslands are called steppes in Asia and Europe,
prairies in North America, posh in Argentina in South America, veld in South Africa
and daursh in Australia.
(b) Equatorial natural areas:
Vishnu
is flanked by an equatorial zone between 10° north and 10° south latitudes. The
climate of this region is warm and humid. The sun's rays fall almost vertically
in this region and there is little difference in temperature between day and
night and between summer and winter. The average annual temperature is 27°C.
The average annual rainfall in this equatorial region is 200 cm.
Almost
the entire equatorial region is covered with evergreen dense forests. There are
also numerous small shrub forests and thick forests of various kinds of
creepers. The natural environment of the area is not suitable for human
habitation due to extreme heat and rainfall throughout the year.
(c) Mediterranean Region:
The
Mediterranean climate is generally found in the western margins of the
continent in midlatitudes and especially in the northern parts of the tropical
deserts. This | The natural region is characterized by hot and dry summers and
cold and dry winters. This means that the region receives rainfall only in
winter. Summer here is somewhat long. The average temperature throughout the
year is 8-25°C. The annual rainfall is 25-75 cm. These natural conditions
are usually found in the areas along the Mediterranean Sea. The region consists
of southern Europe, southwestern Asia and northern Africa along the
Mediterranean Sea
(d) Monsoon region:
The
monsoon zone generally extends from 10° to 30° north latitude to the north of
the equatorial region and from 10° to 30° south latitude to the south. Areas
affected by monsoon winds belong to this region. The main characteristic of the
climate of the monsoon region is the change of seasons—hot and humid summers
and cold and dry winters. The temperature difference between summer and winter
is 15°C. The average annual rainfall is 200 cm. The area is dominated by
deciduous plants as rainfall varies with the seasons. In winter, these plants
lose their leaves due to lack of rainfall. The monsoon zone extends to tropical
and subtropical latitudes. It belongs to the monsoon natural regions of South
Asia including India, Southeast Asia, northeastern Australia, eastern Africa,
eastern Brazil, Central America, etc. About 40 percent of the world's
population lives in this monsoon region.
(e) Topography and climate of Asia
The
largest continent in the world is Asia ǀ Asia is covered with high mountain
ranges, plateaus, river valleys, lowlands, coastal plains, islands, deserts,
etc. Its central part is covered with mountains and plateaus. The Ural
Mountains run north-south on the western border, the Himalayas and their
tributaries, the Karakoram Mountains, and the Aravali Mountains, the highest
mountains in the world, extend east-west in the middle. Everest (8,848 m) is
the highest peak in the world in the Himalayas. The plateaus include the
Tibetan Plateau, the highest Pamir Plateau, the Siberian Plateau, the Mongolian
Plateau, the Southern Plateau, and the Iranian Plateau. The major rivers of the
continent are the Amor, Huangho, Mekong, Yangtze, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Iravati,
etc. The major ǀislands include Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Java, Sumatra,
Borneo, Silibis, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka, Lakshadweep, Maldives,
Bahrain etc. ǀ Its main deserts are Gobi ,Thar, Arabia etc. ǀ
The
climatic variations of Asia, which extends from the equator almost to the North
Pole, are particularly remarkable. The main climate types are tropical monsoon,
tropical desert climate, temperate climate and polar climate. Vakhyansk, the
coldest place on earth, is located in the Siberian region of Asia. Due to the
tropical monsoon climate, the summers are hot and humid and the winters are dry
and cold
(f) Tundra region:
The
northernmost and southernmost parts of the Earth are covered with snow
throughout the year. ǀ In the Northern Hemisphere, this region is usually
located north of 661 ̊2 of the Arctic Circle. In winter, the temperature drops
to -18°C. There is almost no rain here. In winter there is rather plenty of
snow. No plants can grow in this area as it is covered with snow most of the
year.
With
some warming in summer, grasses, algae and teak plants grow in areas where the
snow begins to melt. The area is mainly home to cold-tolerant animals such as
tied deer, white foxes, white bears and seals. Residential land. This natural
region of the North Pole is known as the Tundra region. This natural area
includes the polar regions of Asia, Europe and North America in the northern
hemisphere, including Greenland, and Antarctica in the southern hemisphere.
g) Earth's population and its distribution:
The
Earth's land mass consists of the continents of Asia, Africa, Europe, North
America, South America, Oceania and Antarctica. The characteristics of the
Earth's topography, climate, soil, plants, animals, etc. vary from place to
place. These differences in the components of the natural environment cause the
distribution of population and the way of life of people not to be the same
everywhere in the world. Total population of the world 6.62 billion ǀ
With a population of 4.41 billion, Asia is the most populous continent in the
world ǀ About three-quarters of the world's population lives on this continent
ǀ Africa has 944 million people 733 million ǀ 11 percent of the world's
population ǀ population density of 32 people per square km ǀ total population
of North America 523 million ǀ population density of 15 people per square km ǀ
South America has a total population of 381 million ǀpopulation Density 12
people per square km ǀ 5.57 percent of the world's population ǀ Oceania has a
total population of about 35 million ǀ (2007 estimates) and about 90 percent of
the world's population lives in the Northern Hemisphere alone.
(h) Tropical grassland areas:
In
Africa and Australia, the region extends to 10°-25° north and south latitudes.
Such grasslands have a special natural environment between equatorial and
tropical desert regions. The climate of the tropical steppe region is
characterized by warm and short summers and dry and long winters. Daily and
seasonal temperature variations are high in this region. The rainfall during
the year is moderate (25—100 cm). Due to this climate, herbaceous plants up to
3 meters tall have formed extensive grasslands in the area. Such grasslands in
the tropics are known as savannahs. The Orrico River Basin in South America,
the Brazilian Highlands and Venezuela, the northern and southern parts of the
Zaire Basin in Africa, the East African Highlands and parts of South Africa,
and the northern part of Australia belong to the tropical grassland
region.
Tropical
grasslands are very suitable for animal husbandry. Most of the area is
commercial livestock farming ǀ the area is also home to various wildlife.
Therefore, many of the inhabitants of this area earn their living by raising
animals and hunting. This area is very sparsely populated. Most of the
tropical grasslands are socially and economically backward due to poor
transportation and lack of essential production facilities.
i) Tropical hot desert regions:
Tropical
deserts are usually located at the western ends of continents ǀ these deserts
extend to the vicinity of the Cancer Eclipse (2312 ̊ north) and the Capricorn
Eclipse (2312 ̊ south). The climate in this region is almost always hot and
dry. The difference between day and night temperatures is large. In
summer, the daytime temperature rises to 45°C. The rainfall is very low. The
average annual rainfall is 20-25 cm.
Due
to lack of rainfall, only short grasses and thorny plants grow in parts of such
desert areas. Much of this area is covered with sand. However, the desert
gardens scattered around the desert grow some date palms and are cultivated to
an equal extent.
j) Cold Simple Forests: Cold Simple Forests extend
between 50-70° latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the
tundra region to the north and the mid-latitude grassland region to the south.
This is. The climate of the region is somewhat dry and cold. In summer,
temperatures rise to an average of 15 degrees Celsius. In winter, snow falls
due to lower temperatures. Summer is shorter than winter in this region. There
is some rainfall in summer. The region extends from Scandinavia in Europe
to the Pacific coast in the east and from Alaska in North America to the
Atlantic coast in the east. It covers a large area of Europe, Asia and North
America.
Editing By:- Lipi Medhi
