1. 1. What is economic geography? What is its main theme? Mention the main branches of economic geography.
Answer: The subject of geography is mainly divided into two parts, natural geography and human geography. Economic geography is one of the major branches of human geography. The branch of geography that studies the production, distribution, consumption, exchange of resources and the activities of people involved in them in space and time. That is called economic geography.
The natural environment of the land surface varies due to variations in climate and soil characteristics, including differences in topography and geological structure. For example, some parts of the Earth's surface are mountainous highlands, others are fertile plains, coastal lands, and others are climatically very cold or very hot. In addition, some areas are covered with forests or other areas are suffering from natural disasters like erosion and floods. There are also significant differences in the abundance, distribution and quality of natural resources such as vegetation, water, mineral resources, etc. Fertile plains are agriculture, coastal areas are fishing and transportation, and industrial areas are rich in mineral resources. On the other hand, areas with abundant grassland are particularly advanced in animal husbandry. Such differences in the natural environment also result in different relationships between people and the environment and the resulting human environment.
In fact, the way of life and economic activities of people vary everywhere due to the diversity of the natural and man-made environmental components on the Earth's surface. Because of such differences, when one place develops in agriculture, another becomes rich in trade, industry or fisheries. For this reason, all parts of the world depend on each other and maintain a relationship. Economic geography deals with all such things related to resources and human activities.
The main branches of economic geography are 一
Agricultural Geography
Industrial Geography
Resource Geography
Transportation Geography
Market Geography
Planning and Development Geography
Tourism Geography
2. 2. Briefly describe the scope of economic geography.
Answer: Economic geography is mainly the study of the distribution of human economic activities and the factors and processes associated with it. Its scope of study is mainly based on the following specific questions
(i) Where is the economic function located? (This includes a detailed discussion of the geographical location, environment, and circumstances in which economic activity takes place.)
(ii) What are the characteristics of the economic activity? (Includes economic activities, production, distribution, and exchange processes.)
(iii) What other phenomena are involved in economic activity? (Political, social, geographical factors. )
(iv) Why is the economic activity where it is? (Description of favorable and unfavorable geographical environmental factors.)
(v) Would it have been better if the economic activity had been located elsewhere than where it is? (Convenient location and environmental issues.)
3. What is meant by a person's economic occupation? What are such economic occupations?
Answer: All kinds of economic activities of man and the means of livelihood directly and indirectly related to them can be called together as economic occupations. The main economic occupations of man are 一
(i) Primary occupation:- Primary occupation is the activity by which man derives resources from nature. These include fishing, forestry, mineral resources, etc.
(ii) Secondary occupation:- Secondary occupation is the activity by which various materials extracted from nature are made suitable for human consumption through various technologies.
(iii) Tertiary occupation:- Tertiary occupation is the activity by which the goods produced through primary and secondary occupations reach the consumer. Economic activities related to transportation, marketing, wholesale or retail sales, tourism, communication, etc.
(iv) Fourth Occupation:- Fourth occupation is those activities which help in making the secondary and tertiary occupations more efficient and effective. For example, activities related to banks or other financial institutions, media, administration, education and research, etc.
4. The Briefly describe the contents of the major branches of economic geography.
Answer:- The topics of the major branches of economic geography are 一
(i) Agricultural Geography:- Agricultural geography is one of the major branches of economic geography. It studies the factors related to agriculture, types of agriculture, distribution and methods of agriculture, crop production formulas, markets and imports and exports of agricultural commodities.
(ii) Industrial Geography:- It studies the economic and other activities associated with the establishment of industries, types and geographical distribution of industries, production of industrial goods, formulas related to industrial location, markets and imports and exports of industrial goods.
(iii) Resource Geography:- It studies the types of resources, regional distribution, factors involved in resource exploration and production, relationship between resources and development, conservation and management of resources etc.
(iv) Transport Geography:- It studies the types of transport systems and their associated factors, the role of transport in resource distribution, the role of transport in human movement and economic activities, economic development such as industrial development, agricultural development etc.
(v) Market Geography:- It studies the need for market establishment and its factors, types and distribution of markets and the formulas associated with them.
(vi) Planning and Development Geography:- It studies the activities related to economic development, planning system, sustainable development, region and component based development processes etc.
(vii) Tourism Geography: It studies tourism and factors related to its development, types of tourism, tourism system development process and planning.
5. Why is resource geography an important branch of economic geography?
Answer:- Resource geography is an important branch of economic geography. Without resources, economic geography cannot be explained. Economic geography studies the types of resources, distribution of resources by region, factors involved in resource exploration and production, relationship between resources and development, conservation and management of resources.
6. What do you mean by wealth? State its main characteristics.
Answer: Sources, revenues, supplies or supporting resources are the resources required to perform the functions of all organisms and ecosystems. People need various materials to meet the needs of their daily lives. Resources are materials that can be obtained from any source to meet these needs.
Three characteristics of resources are noticed 一
(a) Efficacy: The efficacy of an object or material is expressed when people can use it for their own, others or society.
(b) Benefits:- In order to be a resource, the object or commodity must provide benefit or welfare to the individual or human society.
(c) Variability: Resources are always changing. Passive or neutral materials (materials that do no good or harm to humans) and preventatives (harmful materials or phenomena) are also recognized as resources with the help of human thinking, techniques, technical knowledge, skills and technology.
7. Explain "resources variable" 一.
Answer:- Resources are variable. Even if a product is not used by humans today or is harmful to humans, the same product may be used for human welfare in the future. Materials that do not benefit or harm humans in any way are called neutral or passive materials. For example, until people knew how to use coal or mineral oil to produce energy, they were just neutral materials. On the other hand, materials or phenomena that cause harm to humans are called preventives. For example, infertile soils, flood prone areas, etc. are barriers. It is worth mentioning that the Damodar River was considered as a barrier until dams were built on the frequently flooded Damodar River in West Bengal to generate hydropower and provide irrigation. Therefore, with the spread of human knowledge and the development of science and technology, many of these neutral and resistant materials on Earth have been converted into resources through human efforts. Because of these changing characteristics of resources, a product or phenomenon that is considered beneficial today can become harmful or inactive over time. That is, as social changes occur, so do the concepts of resources and their acquisition and use.
8. 8. Briefly discuss resource requirements with examples.
Answer:- Resources are everything that people need to survive. The air, water, sunlight, soil, plants, fruits, minerals, etc. on Earth are all necessary for humans. Therefore, these are resources. These resources are mainly obtained by humans from nature in various ways. Resources have met many other needs of the people including basic needs and have also contributed to the improvement of the quality of life. Not only at the individual level, but also through the use of resources, human welfare and the socio-economic aspects of human life as a whole have improved.
9. Briefly write about the relationship between resources and people.
Answer:- Resources and people are closely related. People shape resources.Resources and their use are linked to human welfare. People are the producers and consumers of resources. Although most of the resources needed by humans are provided by nature, most of them are used by humans according to their needs. As the scope of human knowledge increases, new resources have been created and used. which we call man-made resources. For example, roads, buildings, bridges, factories, schools, colleges, vehicles, etc.
10. Briefly discuss the relationship between resources and science and technology.
Answer:- Through science and technology, people convert objects or materials available in nature into resources and thus benefit people. That is, through science and technology, resources are fulfilled.
Again, humans have been transforming natural resources through science and technology. For example, paper from bamboo, cloth from cotton, dyes from mineral oil, cotton, synthetic cloth, chemical fertilizers, soap, wax, rubber; Plants are used to produce food, medicine, timber, household items, etc. However, along with technology, human knowledge, skills and knowledge are also important components.
Through science and technology, people have been able to discover early information about future resource crises. As a result, practices such as resource conservation have gained importance today.
11. Write about classification of resources with examples.
Answer:-
(a) Resources can be divided into three categories 一 according to the process of creation
(i) Natural Resources:- Natural resources are those resources (such as sunlight, air, water, sediment, plants, animals, minerals, rivers, etc.) that are created naturally and spread in nature.
(ii) Man-made resources:- Man-made resources are the resources created by man. such as roads, buildings, bridges etc.
(iii) Human Resources:- Human skills, education, technology and interest are required to make natural resources usable. People are called human resources because of these qualities. such as 一 farmers, doctors, workers, etc.
(b) Resources can be divided into two categories according to their natural structure
(i) Biological resources:- Biological resources are those resources that have living things according to their natural structure. Biological resources such as plants, animals, fish, crops etc.
(ii) Inorganic resources:- Inorganic resources are those resources which do not have life or living things. Inorganic resources such as soil, rock, land, rivers, water, air, minerals, coal etc.
(c) Resources can be divided into two categories 一 based on availability and durability
(i) Renewable Resources:- Some of the natural resources available in the world are not depleted at all after use and others are depleted gradually. Renewable resources are resources that can be used continuously but never completely depleted by renewal or replenishment. For example, 一 sunlight, air, water, plants, animals, people, crops, etc. are renewable resources.
(ii) Non-renewable resources:- Resources which cannot be renewed or regenerated after use and are completely destroyed are called non-renewable or perishable resources. For example; Non-renewable resources include coal, mineral oil, minerals (such as copper, gold, limestone, iron, etc.), natural gas, etc.
(d) All resources available on earth can be divided into three categories 一 on the basis of ownership
(i) Personal property:- Land, property and personal good qualities etc. in the possession or possession of people. For example, good character, education, efficiency, etc. are called personal assets.
(ii) National Resources:- All resources under the custody or possession of a country such as roads, land, rivers, bridges, sanctuaries, plants and animals in forests, educational institutions, administrative system, government etc. are called national resources.
(iii) International resources:- The national resources of the country and the resources under the control of the entire world. For example, the oceans and their mineral resources and their animals, atmosphere, forests, etc. are collectively called international or world resources. For example, the Great Wall of China, the Eiffel Tower in France, and so on.
12. What is meant by natural resources? Write briefly with examples.
Answer:- Natural resources are those resources (such as ー sunlight, air, water, sediment, plants, animals, minerals, rivers, etc.) that are naturally created and distributed in nature.
Natural resources are found in solid, liquid, gaseous and metallic or non-metallic forms. Most of these natural resources are used as raw materials in factories, industries, etc. In addition, we use natural resources like coal, mineral oil, natural gas etc. as a source of energy.
13. What are man-made resources? Briefly explain its use with examples.
Answer:- Resources created by man are called man-made resources. Although nature provides many of the resources that humans need, most of them are used by humans as needed. For example, roads, buildings, bridges, factories, schools, colleges, vehicles, etc. As the scope of human knowledge increases, new resources are also created. For example, paper from bamboo; cloth from cotton; From mineral oils to paints, napkins, synthetic fabrics, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, soaps, plastics, synthetic rubbers, waxes, etc.; From plants to various foods, medicines, timber, building materials, etc. Such materials created by human efforts are called man-made resources.
14. What are the differences between renewable and non-renewable resources? Discuss briefly with examples.
Answer:- Some of the natural resources available on Earth are not depleted at all after use and others are depleted gradually. Renewable resources are resources that can be used continuously but never completely depleted by renewal or replenishment. For example, 一sunlight, air, water, plants, animals, people, crops, etc. are renewable resources.
Non-renewable or perishable resources are resources that cannot be renewed or regenerated after use and are completely destroyed. For example; Non-renewable resources include coal, mineral oil, minerals (such as copper, gold, limestone, iron, etc.), natural gas.
15. What is meant by resource conservation? What is the need for this?
Answer:- Resource conservation is the act and concept of making potential use of resources without any destruction or misuse. The main purpose of resource conservation is that we should extract and use the resources we need from nature in such a way that we all benefit from them for a long time. For example, mineral oil conservation refers to the proper use of mineral oil for human welfare for many days without any wastage from nature.
Although resource conservation is mostly associated with non-renewable resources, in fact the concepts of conservation apply equally to all types of resources. It is important to note that deforestation (renewable resources) reduces animal habitat and biodiversity and destroys the environmental balance of an area. Therefore, many schemes or projects have been undertaken around the world to conserve some rare biological resources like tigers, elephants, rhinos, bears, dolphins, lions etc. In addition, several valuable plants of Assam such as sarpagandha, salkunwari, kalamegh, arjuna, agak, chirta, nutmeg, asparagus, shuklati etc. are almost extinct. Endangered species include golden monkeys, snow monkeys, wild buffaloes, pigs, tigers, deer, dragonflies, and lizards. There is also a rapid increase in the use of mineral oil, coal as energy sources and chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc. in agriculture, which is gradually depleting these natural resources and causing pollution of air, water and soil It's been. Therefore, we must take necessary conservation measures along with efficient use of resources to ensure that our development process is not transient. For example, in terms of soil conservation, we have to use a piece of land for agriculture in such a way that we get good crop yields without losing its fertility.
16. Briefly write about resource conservation methods.
Answer:- The methods of resource conservation are listed below 一
(a) Exploration of Alternative Resources:- Research and surveys should be conducted while the production of a widely used resource is underway to explore the potential of alternative resources. For example; Synthetic fibers instead of cotton yarn, synthetic rubbers instead of natural rubber are alternative resources. The use of renewable resources such as solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy etc. should be increased to reduce the use of non-renewable resources such as coal, mineral oil, natural gas etc.
(b) Recycling and Limited:- Resource recycling is the process of reusing usable waste materials to reduce the use of limited amounts of raw materials. For example; Old polythene bags, plastic bottles, paper, and ferrous materials are recycled through recycling.
(c) Adaptation or innovation:- Adaptation or innovation processes should be applied to convert resources extracted from nature into usable conditions through study and research. More emphasis should be placed on the application of organic fertilizers and pesticides to prevent the negative effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on the soil.
(d) Reduction of waste materials:- Significant resources can be saved by limiting the production of waste materials during conversion from raw materials to required resources and by making arrangements for their recycling or reuse. For example, the misuse of natural resources will be reduced by setting up other small or cottage industries that can be used to manufacture waste wood in parallel with felling of trees Pressure on natural resources will be reduced.
(e) Expansion of knowledge and education:- Expansion of knowledge and education is essential for efficient management of resource production and use. Awareness among the people is essential to prevent waste of resources.
(f) Implementation of Conservation Acts:- For the implementation of conservation of resources, the provisions of conservation laws should be strict and ensured and they should be properly implemented.
(g) Proper assessment of resource stock:- The accumulated amount of a resource should be properly assessed for future planning of resource use. This can control unnecessary usage.
(h) Determination of future needs of resources:- It is very important to determine the future needs of a resource taking into account the current use and population growth. This will also prevent misuse and wastage of resources and help in the discovery of alternative resources.
17. Briefly describe the organizations involved in resource conservation and their roles.
Answer:- In view of the rapid population growth and environmental problems and the depletion of many natural resources, measures are being taken at various levels to protect the environment and conserve natural resources around the world. Many governmental and non-governmental organizations and organizations have been born at international, national, regional and local levels to carry out such activities. The "International Union for Conservation of Nature" (IUCN) is particularly noteworthy in this regard. The IUCN was founded in France in 1948 by Julian Huxley (British biologist), the first Director-General of UNESCO. The main objective of this organization is to conduct studies, research and take necessary measures for the conservation of the natural environment and natural resources and biodiversity throughout the world. The IUCN has led the establishment of the "WWF for Nature" (World Wide Fund for Nature) and the (World Conservation Monitoring Centre). Thus, many organizations are working at the international and national levels for the conservation of specific animal and plant species and the natural environment as a whole. In India, the Government has established a Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change for such purposes. Such government agencies also enact laws on natural resource conservation and environmental protection. The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education was established in 1986 as a separate entity under this Ministry.
In addition, non-governmental organizations like Center for Science and Environment, Greenpeace India, Wildlife Trust of India etc. are working for environmental protection. In our Assam, NGOs like Assam Science Society, Aranyak etc. have been working for environmental protection and biodiversity conservation.
18. Write a brief:
(a) Resources:- Resources are all the things necessary for human life. The air, water, sunlight, soil, plants, fruits, minerals, etc. on Earth are all necessary for humans. Therefore, these are resources. There are three characteristics of resources: efficacy, usefulness and variability.
(b) Human Resources:- Human skills, education, technology and interest are required to make natural resources usable. People are called human resources because of these qualities. such as farmers, doctors ,workers, teachers, etc.
(c) Assets:- Goods which have exchange value are called assets. The supply of property is relatively limited and can be transferred from one person to another through price. For example, houses, televisions, mobile phones, land, cars, etc. have exchange value. Hence these are assets. All property is wealth.
(d) Renewable Resources:- Some of the natural resources available in the world are not depleted at all after use and others are depleted gradually. Renewable resources are resources that can be used continuously but never completely depleted by renewal or replenishment. For example, 一 sunlight, air, water, plants, animals, people, crops, etc. are renewable resources.
(e) Personal wealth:- Personal wealth is the land, property and good qualities of a person such as good character, education, efficiency etc.
(f) National Resources:- All resources in the custody or possession of a country such as roads, land, rivers, bridges, sanctuaries, plants and animals in forests, educational institutions, administrative system, government etc. are called national resources.
(g) Biological resources:- Biological resources are those resources that have living things according to their natural structure. Biological resources such as plants, animals, fish, crops etc.
(h) Resource conservation:- Resource conservation is the act and concept of making potential use of resources without any destruction or misuse. The main purpose of resource conservation is to extract and use the resources we need from nature in such a way that we all benefit from them for a long time. For example, mineral oil conservation refers to the proper use of mineral oil for human welfare.
(i) Resource recycling:- Resource recycling is the process of reusing usable waste materials to reduce the use of limited raw materials. For example; Old polythene bags, plastic bottles, paper, iron products etc. are recycled through recycling.
19. Write the difference:
(a) Resources and Assets.
Answer:- Resources are all the things that are necessary for human life. The air, water, sunlight, soil, plants, fruits, minerals, etc. on the earth are all necessary for human beings. Therefore, these are resources.
On the other hand, goods that have an exchange value are called assets. The supply of property is relatively limited and can be transferred from one person to another through price. For example, houses, televisions, mobile phones, land, cars, etc. have exchange value, so they are assets. All property is wealth.
(b) Economic geography and resource geography.
Answer:- Economic geography is one of the major branches of human geography. Economic geography is the branch of geography that studies the production, distribution, consumption and exchange of resources and the human activities associated with them in space and time.
Resource geography, on the other hand, is a branch of economic geography. It studies the types of resources, regional distribution, factors involved in resource exploration and production, relationship between resources and development, conservation and management of resources.
(d) Biological and inorganic resources.
Answer:- Biological resources are those resources that have organisms according to their natural structure. Biological resources such as plants, animals, fish, crops etc.
Inorganic resources are those that do not have life or living things. Inorganic resources include soil, rock, land, rivers, water, air, minerals, coal, etc.
(e) Renewable and non-renewable resources.
Answer:- Some of the natural resources available on Earth are not depleted at all after use and others are depleted gradually. Renewable resources are resources that can be used continuously but never completely depleted by renewal or replenishment. For example, sunlight, air, water, plants, animals, people, crops, etc. are renewable resources.
On the other hand, resources that cannot be renewed or regenerated after use and are completely destroyed are called non-renewable or perishable resources. For example; Non-renewable resources include coal, mineral oil, minerals (such as copper, gold, limestone, iron, etc.), natural gas, etc.
(f) Private resources and national resources
Answer:- All the resources available in the world can be classified as private and national resources based on ownership. Personal wealth is the land, property and good qualities such as good character, education, efficiency, etc. that people own.
On the other hand, all the resources under the care or possession of a country such as roads, land, rivers, bridges, sanctuaries, forest plants and animals, educational institutions, administrative systems, government etc. are called national resources.
(g) Man-made resources and human resources
Answer:- Resources created by man are called man-made resources. Although nature provides many of the resources that humans need, most of them are used by humans according to their needs. such as 一 roads, buildings, bridges, factories, schools, colleges, vehicles, etc. As the scope of human knowledge increases, new resources are also created.
On the other hand, natural resources require human skill, education, technology and interest to make them usable. People are called human resources because of these qualities. For example, farmers, doctors, workers, teachers, etc.
(h) Resource recycling and adaptation
Answer:- Resource recycling is the process of reusing usable waste materials to reduce the use of limited raw materials. For example; Old polythene bags, plastic bottles, paper, and ferrous materials are recycled through recycling.
On the other hand, adaptation processes should be applied to convert resources derived from nature into usable conditions through study and research. For example; More emphasis should be placed on the application of organic fertilizers and pesticides to prevent the negative impact of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on the soil.
20. Select the correct answer:
(a) Which of the following is a man-made resource?
(1) Rivers (2) Mineral oil
(3) Irrigation channels (4) Forests
Answer: Irrigation drains.
(b) Which of the following is an inorganic resource?
(1) Air (2) Gach-Gachni
(3) Animals (4) Fungi
Answer: Air.
(c) Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource?
(1) Air (2) Water
(3) Grain (4) Coal
Answer: Coal.
(d) Which of the following is an extinct animal?
(1) Horned elephant (2) Tube pig
(3) Giraffe (4) Gemini
Answer: Tube pig.
(e) IUCN belongs to which international organization?
(1) UNESCO (2) ONE
(3) WWF (4) UNEP
Answer: UNESCO.
Additional Question And Question bank Answer
1. What does 'resource conservation' mean?
Answer:- Conservation of resources' means the protection of natural resources from their unplanned degradation through their protection, proper use and reuse.
2. State two main characteristics of resources. [HSLC '11]
Answer:-The two main characteristics of resources are:
Limited quantity: Many resources are limited and therefore can be depleted if not used properly.
Reusability: Some resources are worth reusing and recycling, thereby ensuring their proper use.
3. Why are people called quality resources?
Answer:- People are called "value resources" because. Human judgment, knowledge, and skills work with particular emphasis to manage the production and use of resources. Therefore, they are a very valuable source for resource efficiency and improvement.
4. Write the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources. [HSLC '12]
Answer:- Difference between renewable and non-renewable resources:
Renewable resources:
These resources can be regenerated or regenerated through natural processes.
Examples: solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, bioenergy.
Non-renewable resources:
These resources may not be regenerated once they are depleted.Example: Coal, mineral oil, natural gas.
Therefore, renewable resources can be recovered over time, but non-renewable resources are limited and will run out once used.
5. Write the difference between biological and inorganic resources.
Answer:- The difference between living and non-living resources is:
Biological resources: These resources are natural and created by the living world. Examples include plants, animals, birds, and other animals and plants.
Inorganic Resources: These resources are derived from inorganic components. This includes minerals, water, air, soil, and other substances.
In general, the life and sufficiency of biotic resources are linked by creation, just as non-living resources are permanent and not regenerated.
6. How can resource conservation be made successful?
Answer:- The following methods and measures can be adopted to make resource conservation successful:
Search for alternative resources: Imagine and research to find alternatives to overused resources.
Recycling: Reuse and recycling of waste materials.
Adaptation or innovation: Converting resources into useful forms.
Waste Reduction: Provide for recycling by reducing waste during production.
Expanding knowledge and education: raising awareness among the public.
7. Define natural and human resources with examples. [HSLC '17]
Answer: Natural Resources: Naturally occurring resources that are usable and essential for human life. Examples: water, air, forests, minerals (e.g. coal, oil). Human Resources: The skills, knowledge, health and talents of people, which create economic and social development. Examples: workers, doctors, teachers, scientists.
8.What do you mean by resources? Mention any one of its main features.
Answer: Resources refer to all those things that satisfy human demands and are necessary for survival.
Key Features:
Position: Resource accommodation and acceptability.
This characteristic affects the use and value of resources.
9. Briefly describe the relationship between resources and science and technology. [HSLC '19]
Answer: The relationship between resources and science and technology is that advances in science and technology play a special role in the production, use and conservation of resources. Through inventions and research by scientists and technologists, new technologies of resources are created, which increase the efficiency of resources and enable them to be conserved.
Similarly, new techniques are developed with the help of science and technology for the proper use of resources, which can prevent wastage of resources.
10. Define 'economic geography' What is its content?
Answer: 'Economic geography is the branch of geography that studies the economic activities of human society and the spatial aspects of the use and distribution of resources. Its content includes: land use, resource distribution, production, trade, and the financial nature and structure of various societies.
11. Give an example of a preventive material or event. [HSLC '11]
Answer: An example of a deterrent product or phenomenon is—the misuse of natural resources. Misuse of resources in this way has a negative impact on the environment, resulting in the loss of the natural environment and biodiversity.
12. Briefly describe the landforms on the surface of the Earth.
Answer: Landforms on Earth include mountains, plateaus, valleys, rivers, mountain peaks, seas and reservoirs.
Mountains: High land, whose peaks rise towards the sky. For example, the Himalayas.
Plateau: Flat or somewhat elevated land, usually large in extent. For example, the Deccan Plateau.
Valley: Flat land between mountains, where rivers flow. For example, the Kashmir Valley.
River: Small and long river stages like bowls.
Reservoir: Left or right freshwater or brackish water reservoir.
These landforms refer to the natural diversity of the Earth and the processes of environmental formation.
