Population
Answer: A settlement is a permanent or temporary place of residence created by people to live.
Until about 12,000 years ago, people lived a nomadic life without permanent shelter. With the development of human knowledge, people abandoned the nomadic lifestyle of the early days and began to settle permanently in places where the environment was naturally suitable for human life. This process of permanent human settlement is actually the result of domestication of plants and animals and agriculture. The formation and development of population in a place depends on the abundance and quality of water, soil, forest and mineral resources and various advantages and disadvantages of the place. Settlements can be permanent or temporary depending on the amount and quality of resources in a place. Permanent settlement is created in a place only as a result of a long-term settlement process. Water is essential for human life. That is why all kinds of settlements are built in areas with access to water. Most ancient civilizations developed on the banks of rivers. For example, the Indus River Civilization, the Huangho River Civilization, and so on. Sometimes, settlements are built around areas rich in natural resources without water access.
Only higher ground without flood potential is identified for settlement when water and land demands are met. In addition, priority is given to settlement in safe areas with abundance of fruits, natural resources, suitable climate, necessary building materials etc.
2) What is 'settlement geography'? Briefly describe its main contents.
Answer: Settlement geography is the branch of geography that studies human settlement, settlement divisions and associated natural, cultural and socio-economic factors
Geography is studied in terms of elements and regions according to the formula developed by the famous geographer Richard Harthorne. Component-based studies cover the location, location, shape, size, activity, etc. of settlements. Regional studies, on the other hand, include the birth and development, shape development, spread, distribution, patterns and types, characteristics and spatial differences of settlements in an area. In fact, the study of settlements not only reflects the relationship of people with the natural environment but also gives insight into the characteristics of the prevailing religious and social customs of people.
3. Present the classification of population with examples.
Answer: Depending on the livelihood of the population, we divide settlements into 2 categories, rural and urban settlements.
Settlements can be divided into sparse settlements and concentrated settlements according to the pattern or size of the population.
Concentrated settlements can be divided into 5 categories based on water source, extent of roads, river course etc.
4. What is meant by rural and urban settlements? Write down the characteristic differences between such settlements.
Answer: Depending on the livelihood of the population living in a settlement, we divide settlements into two categories, rural and urban. Rural settlements are settlements in rural areas. Settlements in urban areas are called municipal settlements. Characteristic differences between rural and municipal settlements-
1. The occupation of the people in rural areas is agriculture, fishing, logging, etc. while the occupation of the people in urban areas is jobs, trade, etc.
2. Cities have more markets, transportation and entertainment facilities than villages.
3. Vertical expansion of land and housing in cities, land use is higher than in villages.
4. The population of urban areas, its growth rate and density is higher than that of rural areas.
5. Mention the main differences between sparse settlements and concentrated settlements.
Answer: In some parts of the world, human settlements are very thin or sparse due to adverse natural conditions. Mountainous areas with rocky and adverse climates are usually sparsely populated. Such settlements are called rare settlements. Rare settlements are most common in agricultural areas of the United States and agricultural areas of Australia.
People usually like to live in clusters. Sometimes people are densely populated or crowded in some places due to agricultural facilities, water sources, roads and employment opportunities. Such settlements are called concentrated settlements.
6. Briefly describe the settlements under concentrated settlements with examples and illustrations.
a) Rectangular and square settlements
About 50 percent of the world's population lives in rural areas. Most of these settlements are large rectangular in shape. Such settlements are mainly formed in vast fertile plains. Due to favorable topography and abundance of wide fertile land, settlements in such rectangular settlements are almost straight from the roads and the roads intersect at right angles to each other. Most of the settlements in the Ganges River Valley region of India are rectangular. Similarly, in some areas the size of the settlement is square, this is called square settlement.
b) Linear settlement
Linear settlements are when people
build houses on both sides of roads, railways, etc. or on the banks of rivers,
irrigation canals, etc. and in steep river valleys or coastal areas in
mountainous areas. Such settlements are found along the valleys of the Ganges
and Jamuna rivers in India.
C. circular settlement
C. circular settlement
Circular
settlements are when people build houses around lakes, beaches and large ponds
in a circular shape. Such settlements around water can ensure equal access to
water for all.
D. Starlike settlements
D. Starlike settlements
When in some places, houses are
built on both sides of paved or dirt roads that come from several directions
and settlements expand like starlight, it is called starry settlements.
Star-shaped settlements usually form around the confluence of many roads in
plains.
E. Triangular settlement
When a settlement in the shape of a triangle formed in the area centered on the availability of water and silty soil at the confluence of two large rivers. Such settlements are found in the river valleys and southern parts of the mountains of northern India.
E. Triangular settlement
When a settlement in the shape of a triangle formed in the area centered on the availability of water and silty soil at the confluence of two large rivers. Such settlements are found in the river valleys and southern parts of the mountains of northern India.
7. Briefly write about the creation and development of urban settlements.
Answer: Initially, settlements were formed as villages. Villages are easily formed in places of the world where there is insufficient fertile soil, flat land, water etc. required for agriculture and where there are resources, roads and other facilities and security necessary for survival. Just as the shape and size of a village changes over time, so do the activities of the village and the people living there. A particular facility and location of a village can transform the village from an agricultural settlement to a commercial city. Similarly, if valuable mineral resources are discovered near a village, the village can gradually become an industrial city. However, the role of road and transport development in the area is very important. Even a fishing village located on the coast can eventually become a small fishing centre. Not only does the population increase, but if the main livelihood of the people living in the area is related to trade, industry and employment rather than agriculture, the area is called a city. In addition, suitable location, water supply, transportation and good location are required. The establishment and expansion of trade and industry is particularly important in the origin and development of cities.
8. Classify cities on the basis of type with examples.
Answer: Cities are also involved in administrative, defence, cultural, collection, manufacturing, tourism, distribution, health, recreation, housing etc. They are based on various functions such as commerce, industry, administration, defence, culture etc. Cities like Kolkata, Mumbai, Guwahati etc. in India are based on many functionalities. Haldia, Paradip and other seaports; hill health and tourism cities like Mussoorie and Darjeeling; pilgrimage cities like Varanasi, Puri, Rishikesh; Administrative metropolises like Gandhinagar and Chandigarh; Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Bokaro etc. are famous as industrial cities throughout India. Oxford and Cambridge are both world-famous educational cities in England.
9. What do you mean by 'settlement hierarchy'? Read more about this with examples and pictures.
Answer: Settlement classification is the arrangement of all types of settlements, both rural and urban, in a fixed order from smallest to largest according to size
The figure above shows that the lowest level of the settlement category consists of a few scattered agricultural settlements and the top level is urban integration ie a complete settlement category usually starts from agricultural settlements at the rural level to neighborhoods and villages respectively At the municipal level, urban integration is achieved starting from the city, metropolitan area and the highest level respectively.
As the stage of the settlements in the settlement hierarchy increases, the efficiency, facilities and spatial reach increase with the increase in the population stage and also the population. The number of settlements decreases gradually from the lowest level of the settlement hierarchy. That is, the number of cities in a country is much smaller than the number of villages or the number of cities is much smaller than the number of cities.
10. Briefly write about the land use of rural and municipal settlements.
Answer: There are differences in land use between rural and urban settlements. In rural areas, land is used for settlement as well as for various types of agricultural activities such as farming, animal husbandry and fisheries. In addition to settlement, land in municipal areas is used for establishment of various industries related to trade and manufacturing. Both rural and municipal land types nowadays show better traffic and transportation systems, where land is widely used.
Urban areas have the highest land use compared to rural areas. This is because the land in the municipal area is becoming less for settlement due to the increasing population and expansion of industries. Moreover, the land use for sewerage and waste disposal in urban areas is not often seen in rural areas.
11. What is meant by 'Central Business Area'? Discuss its main features ǀ
Answer: The use and functioning of land within cities is almost universally patterned. The central area of a city is dominated by trade. The area is home to a variety of businesses, institutions, banks, offices, wholesale and retail outlets. Such areas are called central business areas.
Its main features are:
1) The central part is filled with businesses.
2) The population is quite dense. space for new settlements becomes scarce.
3) These places are connected by improved transport and communication facilities.
12. Write briefly about the relationship between rural settlement and urban settlement.
Answer: A settlement first appears as a rural settlement. Over time, the gradual population growth, establishment of industries, improvement of transportation and communication systems led to the influx of people from new places in search of jobs and livelihoods in these areas. However, there are some differences between the two. Population growth rate and density in municipal areas is higher than in rural areas. The vertical expansion of housing is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Similarly, land use is high in municipal areas. In rural areas, the landscape is generally more natural and settlement is heavily dependent on nature. It is not wrong to say that municipal areas are usually adjacent to rural land. The population living in rural areas often has to migrate to urban areas for employment. Similarly, food crops produced in rural areas meet the needs of the people in urban areas. Due to severe land shortage in municipal areas, population has expanded to surrounding areas (suburbs, urban suburbs) and villages.
13) Kiss typing
a) Population and Settlement Geography
Answer: A settlement is a permanent or temporary place of residence created by people to live.
Settlement geography is the branch of geography that studies human settlement, settlement patterns and associated natural, cultural and socio-economic factors.
b) Linear settlement
Answer: Linear settlements are when people build houses on both sides of roads, railways etc. or on the banks of rivers, irrigation canals etc. and in steep river valleys or coastal areas in mountainous areas. Such settlements are found along the valleys of the Ganges and Jamuna rivers in India.
C. circular settlement
Answer: Circular settlements are when people build houses around lakes, beaches and large ponds and establish a circular settlement. Such settlements around water can ensure equal access to water for all.
D. Starlike settlements
Answer: When in some places houses are built on both sides of paved or dirt roads that come from several directions and settlements expand like starlight, it is called starry settlements. Star-shaped settlements usually form around the confluence of many roads in plains.
e) Education and Cultural Cities
Answer: Most cities are originally created to perform a specific function. Educational and cultural cities are cities that play a leading role in education and culture. For example, Oxford and Cambridge are two famous educational cities. Similarly, the city of Tezpur in Sonitpur district of Assam can be called a cultural city.
f) Rural town Santatyak
Answer: There is no significant difference between settlements of different sizes in the settlement category such as in the interior of villages and cities. This is called rural-urban continuity of settlement or rural-urban continuity.
g) Settlement Classification
Answer: Settlement classification is the arrangement of all types of settlements, both rural and urban, in a fixed order from smallest to largest according to size.
h) Urban suburbs
Answer: An area adjacent to a large city or metropolis is called an urban suburb when the landscape changes due to urban activities. Although such areas are rural, the landscape and human activities are a mixture of villages and cities.
i) Suburbs
Answer: Many times, due to the decentralization of some trade, industry, institutions or settlements from urban areas, a few sub-cities are formed at some distance from the major cities. For example, the suburbs of Gurgaon, Noida, Ghaziabad etc. near Delhi.
Editing By:- Lipi Medhi
