Chapter 13
Constitution of India
Exercise-1
1. By answering the following questions:
(a) What happens if there is no policy at home or school?
Answer : If there are no rules and regulations at home or school, then discipline can be broken. A lack of control over everyone's behavior can lead to chaos, conflict and unrest. Therefore, policies for healthy environment and development are necessary.
(b) What is governance?
Answer : Governance is a set of social, cultural or political rules by which a circle or institution regulates its activities and relations with society. It can be of different types, such as democracy, authoritarianism or authoritarianism.
(c) What is Charkar?
Ans : Charaka is the governing body of a state or region, which ensures the order and development of the society through law making, execution and administration of justice.
2. Does the area you live in have a local government and what do they do?
Answer : Yes, I live in Guwahati, Assam has local administration. Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC) and Kamrup Metropolitan District Offices carry out various functions of local authorities.
Their jobs include:
• Provision of municipal services (water, waste management, road maintenance)
• Local development works (construction of roads, bridges, parks)
• Support in health and education sectors
• Maintaining law and order at local level
Exercise-2
1. By answering the following questions:
(a) Now what are the main components of the cycle?
Answer : Now he is the main part of the circle.
1. Legislature: Makes laws.
2. Executive Organ: Executes the law.
3. Judiciary: Interprets the law and administers justice.
(b) Which part of the wheel now performs the work?
1. Legislature: Legislates through Parliament or Assembly.
2. Executive Organ: The Cabinet and Cabinet implement the law.
3. Judiciary: Administers justice in courts of law and interprets the constitution.
(c) What is meant by separation of powers?
Answer : Separation of powers means that the organs - legislative, executive and judiciary - carry out their work separately, so that one organ does not gain more power and keeps each other in control and equality.
(d) Central and State level Circles are now constituted as members?
Answer : Central Level:
• Legislature: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
• Executive: President, Prime Minister and Cabinet
• Judiciary: Supreme Court
State Level:
• Legislature: Legislature (some states have legislative councils)
• Executive: Governor, Chief Minister and Cabinet
• Judiciary: High Courts and Subordinate Courts
(e) What is meant by check and balance of power?
Answer : By establishing the control and balance of power, the circle observes and controls each other and maintains equality, so that no part gets more power.
Exercise-3
1. By answering the following questions:
(a) In which language does the word democracy come from?
Answer : The word democracy is derived from the Greek words "Demos" (people) and "Kratos" (rule).
(b) What is the verbal meaning of democracy?
Answer : Democracy literally means "rule by the people".
(c) Names and capitals of countries with democratic governance outside India:
Answer : • Canada – Capital: Ottawa
• Australia – Capital: Kenbera
(d) What is representative democracy?
Answer : In a representative democracy, citizens elect their representatives, who in turn make laws and carry out executive functions.
(e) What is direct democracy and indirect democracy?
Answer : Direct Democracy: Citizens generally participate in law making and decision making.
Indirect Democracy: Citizens elect representatives through the three people.
(f) What is grassroots democracy?
Answer : In Trinamool democracy, local communities actively participate in their problems and development activities, such as Panchayats, Municipal Corporations.
Additional Questions and Answers:
(1) What are the advantages of democratic governance?
Answer : • Participation of people is ensured.
• Fundamental rights are protected.
• The rule of law prevails.
• There is transparency and accountability.
(2) What are the limitations of democratic governance?
Answer : • Decision making takes time.
• People's ignorance or lack of awareness can create problems.
• Party interests prevail.
(3) What is the role of local government?
Answer : Regional development, health, education, water, waste management etc. play an important role in local affairs.
(4) What is the distribution of power between the Center and the States in India?
Answer : According to the Constitution of India, there are Central, State and Concurrent Lists, through which subject powers are distributed.
