Chapter 9
The Industrial Revolution towards Modernization
Exercises
1. Write a very short answer.
(a) Who invented the classification of plants and animals?
Answer: The classification of plants and animals was invented by Carolus Linnaeus.
(b) When were passenger trains introduced in England?
Answer: Passenger trains were introduced in England in
(c) Where were the first modern Olympics held?
Answer: The first modern Olympics were held in Athens.
(d) In which year did Russia launch the Sputnik spacecraft?
Answer: Russia launched the Sputnik spacecraft in
(e) Who was the first to establish the Shikharajya in Punjab?
Answer: Ranjit Singh established the first Shikharajya in Punjab .
(f) When was the Indian National Congress born?
Answer: The Indian National Congress was born in
(g) When did the United States join World War II?
Answer: The United States joined World War II in
(h) Who invented the first iron chair?
Answer: The first iron chair was invented by John Wilkinson.
(i) What is the name of the Act enacted by the British Parliament in 1795?
Answer: The Combination Act was passed by the British Parliament in
(j) What was the name of the movement led by General Ned Ludd?
Answer:
2. 2. Answer briefly:
(a) How did Britain's involvement in the Wars of 1793-1815 affect British industry?
Answer: British involvement in the wars of 1793-1815 affected British industry and they were
Workers were sent from factories and farms to the battlefield. Food prices rose and the poor lacked the money to buy the food.
(b) What were the relative advantages of canal and railway transport?
Answer: The relative advantage of canal and railway transport is that canals were usually dug to carry coal to cities. Trains carried both people and goods. This is because the train was fast and very cheap.
(c) What are the interesting features of the 'discoveries' of this period?
Answer: There were interesting features of the 'discoveries'
Between 1760 and 1800, scientific societies published many dozens of scientific discussion papers in England. The Arts Society, founded in 1754, helped spread knowledge.
(d) Write how the supply of raw materials changed the nature of British entrepreneurship.
Answer: The supply of raw materials changed the nature of British industrialization. Wrought iron is made from raw iron. The invention led to the manufacture of various types of iron objects.
3. 3. 3. Essay-like questions:
a) Write down how the Industrial Revolution affected the lives of different classes of British women.
Answer: The following is a discussion of how the Industrial Revolution affected the lives of British women
There was a time in the industrial revolution when women and children worked there was a change on it. Children from poor families in the village worked in the fields under the supervision of their parents. Similarly, women worked in agriculture. The women raised animals, gathered firewood, and spun yarn. women in the silk ribbon weaving industry
b) Compare the impact of the introduction of rail systems in different countries of the world.
Answer: The introduction of railway system in different countries of the world had:
In 1814, the first steam railway engine , Stephenson's Rocket, was built. It was available throughout the year. People and goods were transported by train. The train was fast and very inexpensive. Steam engines pulled train coaches across the iron belt. In the 1760s, iron bars were used instead of wooden bars.
In 1814, Blutcher built a railway locomotive. That train engine could pull 30 tons of load up the mountains at a speed of four miles per hour. In 1825 the first railroad met the metropolitan areas of Stockton and Dallington. A 9-mile road between the two cities was crossed by train at 15 miles per hour in two hours. Within twenty years, trains could reach speeds of 30 to 50 miles per hour. The trains helped everyone to get around.
(c) Argue whether the industrial changes in 18th century England could be called a 'revolution' or an 'evolution'.
Answer: The Industrial Revolution in England in the 18th century was: In the 18th century, the center of world trade shifted from the Mediterranean ports of England and France to the Atlantic ports of the Netherlands and Britain. Movement of commodities between different markets in England The predominance of rivers and their bays as well as coasts that could accommodate ships provided the country with advantages until the expansion of the railways. By 1724, the river route for navigation was 1,160 miles. No other location in England was more than 15 miles from a river. All rivers, convenient for industrial change, were flowing into the sea. In 1800, 100,000 sailors worked on such large ships.
The Bank of England was the center of financial system in England. By 1784 there were more than 100 provincial banks in England. After 10 years, the number tripled. Those banks provided the finance needed to establish and operate large industries. Industrialization of the materials took place in Britain from the 1780s to the 1850s. Many poor people left their villages to work as laborers in the cities. In England, copper, coal, iron ore, lead, copper, and tin were found in large quantities. Those industries could be used. Until the 18th century, there was a shortage of iron used. Charcoal was used due to the difficulty of the smelting process. The crushed charcoal made it difficult to carry long distances. Forests were destroyed for timber.
There was a time in the Industrial Revolution when women and children started working. Children from poor families in the village worked in the fields under the supervision of their parents and relatives. The women raised animals.
(d) Explain the reasons for the economic changes in England in the 18th century.
Answer : There were economic changes in England in the 18th century. It was called the Agrarian Revolution. As a result of the economic changes in England, large landowners bought the lands from small farmers adjacent to their lands and incorporated the public lands to cultivate a larger area. Most of the people who earned their living by raising livestock in the fields had to move to the cities in search of livelihood.
Companies trading in the United States and Asia were headquartered in London. The exchange of goods between the various markets in England provided the dominance of rivers and bays as well as shipyards. Until the expansion of railways, transport by water was faster than by land. The Bank of England was the center of financial system in England. By 1784 there were more than one hundred provincial banks in England. It had tripled in 10 years. By 1820, more than 600 banks had been established in the provinces of England. Those banks provided the finance needed for the establishment and operation of large industries. Many poor people left the villages to work as laborers in the cities. Industry was invented between 1782-1800. There were four major industries among these and they were:
1) Transformation of the iron industry,
2. Improvement of steam-power,
3. Improvement of cotton spinning and weaving systems and
4. Construction of railroads
1. Transformation of the Iron Industry: Iron ore, coal, mechanical materials, copper, lead and tin were available in large quantities in England. In the 18th century, there was a shortage of usable iron. Charcoal was used due to the difficulty of the smelting process. Forests were destroyed for timber and coal could not generate heat. He had been trying for many years to solve that problem. Finally, a family of iron experts solved the problem. For half a century, the metal industry was revolutionized by the care of three generations of the family, grandfather, grandson and father.
Darby II developed a method to make wrought iron from raw iron. Mechanical iron was used in daily life instead of wood. In the 1770s, John Wilkinson made the first iron chair. Furniture and tanks and iron hoses of all sizes were made for factories.
2. Steam power: Steam power was first used in the mining industry. The high demand for metals and coal required their extraction from deep mines. After it was discovered that steam could generate a lot of energy, its use in large industries became certain. Water has been used as a hydropower energysource for centuries. Flooding in the mine was a major problem.
Until James Watt invented the machine in 1769, steam engines were used only in coal mines. Watt's invention made the steam engine the main driver from the pump engine.
3. Improvement of cotton spinning and weaving: The British always wove clothes with wool and flax. From the 17th century, England had to import cotton from India at high prices. Cotton was used to make clothes in England.
From the 1780s onwards, the cotton industry became a symbol of British industrialization in many ways. There were two characteristics of the industry. They were seen in a different industry. Most of the fabrics made from cotton were exported. The textile industry relied mainly on the labor of women and children.
4) Railway Construction: In 1814, the steam railway engine 'Stephen's Rocket' was built. The trains were available throughout the year. Trains carried people and goods at very low cost and were faster. Steam engines pulled train coaches across the iron belt.
(e) Expand on the invention of thermal energy.
Answer: Thermal power invention is discussed below.
Thermal energy created pressure on the high temp. It can be used to operate various machines. This meant that thermal energy was the only source of energy , it was cheap and reliable and thermal energy was used to make machinery. Mining industries were the first to use steam power. Flooding in the mine was a major problem. Thomas Savery invented a steam engine called the Miner's Friend in 1698 to extract the water from the mine.
In 1712, Thomas Newcomen invented the heat engine. The cylinder lost its power due to constant cooling.
4. The Write a short note:
a) The First Industrial Revolution.
The First Industrial Revolution was the transformation of Britain's economy and industry in the 1780s and 1850s . The use of new technologies in Britain's industrial development increased production more than that of handicrafts.
Britain was the first country to experience modern industrialization. From the 17th century England, Scotland and Welch were united under one ruler. Everywhere in Britain there was a currency, laws and a single market. Money was widely used as a means of buying and selling goods. The impressive prosperity in the manufacturing industry, which resulted from new machinery in the cotton or iron industry, depended on raw materials imported from abroad, and on the export of manufactures in Britain to other countries.
B. Invention of steam power.
Answer: Invention of steam power: Steam power was used as a source of hydropower for many centuries. It depended on the season and the speed of the water flow. When steam was known to produce a lot of energy, its use in large industries became weak. Thermal energy created pressure on the high temp. Heat energy was used to run various machines.
The first use of steam power was in the mining industry. The increased demand for coal and metals required the discovery of mines. Flooding was a major problem for the mines. Thomas Savery invented a steam engine called the Miner's Friend in 1698 to extract water from the mine. Steam engines were used only in coal mines. Watt’s invention didn’t just make the steam engine a pump engine. Watt's invention made the steam engine the main driver.
1800. stronger metals, machinery. Steam engines became more advanced with the spread of weapons and scientific knowledge. In 1840, steam engines produced 70% of Europe's total horsepower.
C. Law reform and child labour.
Answer: Law Reform and Child Labour: The Act of 1819 prohibited children under the age of 9 from working in factories and children aged 9 to 16 from working for more than 12 hours. The law did not give anyone the responsibility to implement it. In 1833, a law was passed after the agitation. That law allowed children under the age of 9 to work in silk factories. In 1847, the Ten Hours Bill was passed after nearly 30 years of agitation. That law set 10 hours for men and limited the time women and children worked in factories.
The Mining Commission set up by the government in 1842 discovered that from 1833 onwards the mining environment would actually worsen. This was due to the restrictions imposed by the cotton industry and many children were employed for the work. The Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 prohibited children and women under the age of 10 from working in mines. The Fielders Factory Act made it illegal for children and women under the age of 18 to work more than 10 hours a day. That was not an easy task.
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Important Question Answer
1) What is the First Industrial Revolution?
The First Industrial Revolution was the transformation of the industrial and economic sectors of Britain during the 1780s and 1750s .
2. Who gave the name Industrial Revolution?
Answer: The term Industrial Revolution was given by European scholars Georgette Mislet of France and Frederick Anselm of Germany.
3. In what year and who made the first iron chair?
Answer: John Wilkinson made the first iron chair in the 1770s.
4. What is the name of the first canal dug in England?
The first canal dug in England was called the Worsley Canal.
5. In which year did the British Parliament pass two War Acts?
In 1795 , the British Parliament passed two War Acts.
6. Under whose leadership was Ludism born?
Answer: Ludism was born under the leadership of Ned Lud, an attractive leader.
7. In which year was the Long War against England fought?
Answer: In 1792 there was a long war against England.
8. In which year was Stephenson's rocket built?
Answer: Stephenson's rocket was invented in
9. When did the revolution in the metal industry begin?
Answer: In 1709, the revolution in the metal industry began.
10. In which year was the Arts Society established?
Answer: The Arts Society was founded in
