Chapter 7
Changing cultural heritage
Exercises
1. Write a very short answer:
(a) What was the cultural revolution of the 14th and 15th centuries called?
Answer: The cultural change of the 14th-15th centuries is called the Renaissance.
(b) When was the University of Florence established?
The University of Florence was founded in 1349 AD.
(c) When is the 'New Age' in Europe considered to have begun?
Answer: The 'New Age' of Europe began in the fourteenth century.
(d) Who painted The Last Supper?
Answer: The Last Supper was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
(e) Who is the author of the book 'Almagest'?
Answer: The Almagest was written by Ptolemy.
(f) What is the name of the book written by Nick Machiavelli?
Answer: The prince is a book written by Nicholas Machiavelli.
(g) What books did the priests sell to atone for sins?
Answer: The priests sold indulgences to atone for sins.
(h) Who was the first emperor of Rome?
Answer: The first emperor of Rome was the Pope.
(i) When was the congregation of Jesus founded?
Answer: The Society of Jesus was founded in 1540 AD.
(j) When was the Academy of Sciences of Paris founded?
Answer: In 1673 AD.
(k) When did the peasant uprising take place in Germany?
Answer: In 1525 AD.
2. Answer briefly:
1. What elements of Greek and Roman culture were revived in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
Answer: Feudal relations reshaped Europe. and the Latin Church united it. This led to a revival of elements of Greek and Roman culture in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries .
2. Thorough comparison between Italian and Islamic architects during this period.
From the 12th century onwards , Italian cities played an important role in the expansion of Mongol trade with China through alternative routes. For that reason, a thorough comparison was made between Italian and Islamic architects.
3. Why were Italian cities first touched by the ideals of humanism?
Answer: Italian cities were first touched by the ideals of humanism because
Italy was weak and divided when Islam introduced a common civilization to the Far West.
4. The Compare the Venetian ideal of good governance with that of contemporary French government?
Answer:
5. Write down what is meant by a feudal system.
Answer: Feudalism Historians used the term feudalism to describe the politics, economy, and social relations prevalent in Europe during the Middle Ages. Feudalism refers to the society that developed in medieval France and later in England and southern Italy.
6. What is the Protestant movement? Write down who led this movement.
Answer: You don't need a priest to have a relationship with God. He advised his followers to have faith in God. That movement is called the Protestant movement.
The Protestant movement was led by the monk Martin Luther.
3. Essay-like questions
7. Write down the characteristics of humanistic ideals.
Answer: In the 19th century, historians coined the term humanism because of the new culture and knowledge. Humanists are scholars who taught poetry, grammar, history, rhetoric, and philosophy.
The characteristics of the humanist ideal were:
1) The influence of religion on people's lives was weakened.
2. Humanists believed that human nature was different from person to person.
3. Humanists advocated freedom and rights for all people.
8. Write an analytical note on how the world appeared to be different in the minds of 17th century Europeans.
Answer: The world appeared different in the minds of Europeans in the 17th century.
From the fourteenth century to the late 17th century, cities were built in various European countries. The inhabitants of the city thought themselves more civilized than the people of the village. Florence, Rome, and Venice became centers of educational culture. At the same time, the invention of printing presses made books easier for people far and wide. European historians and people compared the modern world to the 'ancient world' of the Greeks and Romans.
In 1860, Leopold von Ranker wrote The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, which dealt with architecture, literature, and painting. He explained that; How a new humanist culture flourished in Italian cities between the fourteenth and 17th centuries. This is because as individuals, people were able to make their own decisions and increase their income. He was more modern than the medieval people because their thinking was controlled by the church.
9. Determine the contributions of the Arabs who practiced science and philosophy.
Answer: The contribution of the Arabs to the study of science and philosophy was:
Medieval monks and priests were familiar with Greek and Roman writings. In the 14th century, many scholars began to study the translations of such scholars as Plato and Aristotle. They relied on Arab translators out of disguise. The Arabs preserved the manuscripts of Aristotle and Plato.
The Greeks learned about other Europeans by reading the writings of Arabic and Persian scholars. Those books were mathematics, natural science, chemistry, astronomy, and pharmacology. Albaf was the author of the Medical Encyclopedia. The humanitarians got involved in various ways. Humanistic subjects were introduced in Italian and European schools.
In the seventh century, Greek culture could be seen in Byzantium and the Chechanian Empire. Influenced by Greek philosophy and science, Islamic people developed alternative concepts of God and the universe. Alexander's empire included Alexandria, Mesopotamia, and Syria. Aristotle's works, Euclid's Elements and Ptolemy's Almagest attracted Arabic scholars. He also translated books on mathematics, astronomy and medicine into Arabic. These scholars also inspired philosophy and science in Europe. Ibn Sina was a physician and philosopher by profession. He did not believe in the resurrection of the dead. Therefore, he faced strong opposition from theologians.
10. What does Rensa' mean? Was there a Renaissance in Europe in the 14th century?
Answer: Renaissance means rebirth. From the 19th century onwards, historians called the Renaissance the cultural change of the 14th to 15th centuries.
According to Peter Burke, the Renaissance was the rebirth of Greek and Roman civilization during this period. At that time, artists and scholars promoted pre-Christian views instead of world views. In earlier centuries, scholars knew about Roman and Greek culture. Religion played an important role in people's lives. Many of the elements associated with the Italian Renaissance were sourced in the 12th and 11th centuries.
The literature of Greece and Rome alone did not contribute to the cultural changes in Europe. The restoration of Roman culture and literature attracted people to civilization. Most of the major places in the world were tied together. New navigation techniques helped people travel farther than ever before. Europeans learned not only from the Greeks and Romans but also from Iran, India, Central Asia, Arabia and China. This debt was kept secret by the Europeans for a long time. Because history was being made at that time.
At that time, the two aspects of people's lives, 'private' and 'public', began to separate. The aspect of the private is the family and private religion and the public aspect is the influence of government and formal religion on people. An artist is not only a member of a guild, he also has his own acquaintance.
4. The Write a brief note:
11. a) The city state
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, many cities collapsed in Italy's political and cultural development. There was no common strong government. In Rome, the pope was the head of his kingdom, but he was not politically powerful. From the 12th century onwards, the Mongols established trade relations with China through alternative routes. Italian cities played an important role in the growth of trade with Western European countries. They now moved forward as independent city states. Two of these democracies were Florence and Venice. The rest were princely cities. Venice and Genoa were the most important cities.
Cardinal Gasparo Contarini wrote 'The commonwealth and government of venice' in 1534 about the democratic government of his city state. As for the Venetian commonwealth, the city had all authority vested in the council. Citizens who were not entrusted with the power of the Commonwealth. They should not be joined by ordinary people. They did not agree with each other. Everyone thought he was right.
This made the saintly citizens and those who grew up in a liberal environment poor. Therefore, the wise ancestors said that such rule should be replaced by a system of rule formed by the elite instead of considering property.
b) Leonardo da Vinci
A: Leonardo da Vinci: Leonardo da Vinci achieved amazing derivations in many subjects, from botany and physiology to art and mathematics. His most famous color paintings were Mona Lisa and Last Supper. Leonardo had a dream and he that dream is to fly in the sky. He observed flying birds for many years. As a result of his observations of the birds, Leonardo da Vinci developed a flying machine.
Color painters were not ancient models because they were not models. But they painted realistic pictures like the sculptors. Knowledge of geometry helps them draw. Artists do exactly to make sculptures. Scientists assisted in the care. Humanity shaped the mental state of man. It was not only formal education that contributed to this. Architecture, art and texts served as very effective tools for humanism.
C. 15th century architecture
Answer: 15th century architecture: The 15th century saw a revival of the city. From 1417 onwards, the popes became politically powerful. This is because the system of electing two conflicting popes, which had been in place since 1378, ended the weakness of the pope. The popes emphasized the study of Roman history. They began to study a new subject called archaeology. Archeology inspired the development of a new style of architecture called classical architecture.
The merchants, the wealthy, the popes, and the nobility employed architects skilled in classical architecture. Michel angelo Buonarroti was a sympathizer. He was immortalized by his colorful sculpture 'Pita' on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and his painting of the dome of St. Peter's Church. From now on, the artists were known individually. They were known by their own names.
D. Copernican Revolution
Answer: Copernicus Revolution: Copernicus was a scientist and philosopher. Copernicus did not believe that the planets revolved around the Earth. He proved and declared that the earth and its planets revolve around the sun. Copernicus, a contemporary of Martin Luther, marked a turning point in European scientific practice. Christians believed that the earth was a sack of sin and that the burden of sin kept it from moving.
Copernicus mentioned a book for this purpose and the manuscript was called De revolutionibu. On his deathbed, Copernicus wrote this manuscript. He handed over the manuscript. His formula was not easily accepted by the people. Part of the Earth's heliocentric system. That formula was popularized by Kepler with his Cosmographical Mystery.
