Chapter 1
Logic (definition, nature, scope and utility, traditional and modern logic)
1. Choose the correct answer:
(a) Logic studies thought / beauty/ wealth.
Answer: Thought.
(b) Terms/ statements/ logic/ truth are all part of the subject matter of logic.
Answer: Logic.
(c) Logic is an art / science/ both an art and a science.
Answer: Both art and science.
(d) Logic is a subjective/objective/ideal science.
Answer: Objective
(e) Logic is the science of beauty/wealth/truth.
Answer: The science of truth.
(f) Logic is related to direct/inference/analogy.
Answer: Guess
(g) Logic is useful/unsuitable for correct thinking.
Answer: Useful.
2. Fill in the blanks:
(a) Logic is the science of idealism .
(b) Logic is both a science and an art .
3. Answer:
(a) Is the statement 'Logic is an idealistic science' true?
Answer: True
(b) 'Logs' means 'thoughts expressed in language' - are these true?
Answer: True
(c) Is logic an objective science?
Answer: No, it is not.
(e) Is the statement 'Logic is both an art and a science' true?
Answer: True.
(f) State an important difference between traditional logic and symbolic logic .
Answer: The scope of traditional logic is narrow, but the scope of tentative logic is broad.
(g) Do you consider it true that 'the development of symbolic logic is inseparable from the development of mathematics'?
Answer: True.
(h) Do you consider it true that 'the difference between traditional logic and symbolic logic is only a difference in different stages of development'?
Answer: True.
(i) Do you consider it true that 'symbolic logic has a short history and traditional logic has a long history'?
Answer: True.
(j) Is symbolic logic an extension of traditional logic?
Answer : Yes.
4. Give examples:
(a) Objective science
Answer: Examples of objective science are:
Objective logic discusses the objective truth of thought.
(b) Idealized science.
Answer: Examples of idealistic science are:
(i) Ethics is an idealistic science.
(ii) The ideal of ethics is 'supreme welfare or 'best' De
(c) Science.
Answer: An example of science is physiology.
(d) Art.
Answer: Art Examples are:
Physiology is a kind of science.
This science gives knowledge about the position, structure and function of different parts of the body such as nerves, bones and other parts of the body. But weapons medicine is an art.
5. Define:
(a) Science.
Answer: Science is coherent, logical, authentic, true, certain and general knowledge about a particular category of nature.
(b) Idealized science.
Answer: Idealistic science is the science that determines the value of objects or events by taking an ideal as a criterion.
(c) Subjective or objective science.
Answer: The science that deals with the true nature of subject matter is called objective science.
(d) Art.
Answer: Art is the science that teaches the rules or principles of applying knowledge in practice for the achievement of a specific purpose.
6. Answer:
(a) Give two examples of idealistic science.
Answer: Two examples of idealistic science are ethics and logic.
(b) Give three examples of objective science.
Answer: Three examples of subjective sciences are physics, botany and psychology.
(c) State three differences between science and art.
Answer: There are three differences between science and art:
(1) Science inspires acquisition of knowledge and the arts inspire the attainment of practical purposes.
(2) Science teaches us to know and the arts teach us to do.
(3) Science inspires acquisition of knowledge and the arts inspire the attainment of practical purposes.
(d) State three differences between traditional logic and symbolic logic.
Answer: The three differences between traditional logic and symbolic logic are:
(1) The scope of traditional logic is narrower than that of modern logic.
(2) The history of modern logic is longer than that of traditional logic.
(3) The use of symbols in traditional logic is very limited.
7. Show the difference:
(a) Objective science and idealistic science.
Answer: Objective science is reality based but idealistic science is value based. Objective science accurately describes how the subject matter of scientific inquiry originates, develops, grows, and has consequences. For example, psychology is an objective science. The subject of psychology is the mind.
(b) Shape truth and material truth.
Answer: Truth that can be reached through coherent thought is called formal truth, but truth that can be reached through the correspondence of real world objects with ideas or thoughts is called material truth.
(c) Science and Art.
Answer: The differences between science and art are:
(i) Science teaches to know, but the arts teach to do.
(ii) Science introduces knowledge, the arts inspire the attainment of practical objectives.
(iii) Science gives knowledge of the nature, elements and laws of matter, while art teaches the application of that knowledge in practice to achieve a specific purpose.
(iv) The act of science which observes the nature of certain events or objects and establishes general rules about cause and effect relationships or the nature of objects.
(d) Direct knowledge and indirect knowledge.
Answer: Direct knowledge is knowledge acquired directly without the help of any knowledge. On the other hand, knowledge that acquires the basis of a knowledge is indirect knowledge.
8. Write a brief:
(a) Idealized science.
Answer: A science that judges the value of subject matter by taking an ideal as a criterion is called an idealistic science. Ethics judges human activity by putting ideals forward as standards.
(b) Utility of studying logic.
Answer: The advantages of studying logic are:
(i) All science is based on logic. It is logic that dictates the rules of correct thinking or correct inference. Similarly, various forms of art rely on logic to achieve their purposes.
(ii) Logic prescribes norms of correct thinking or sound inference. Logic follows the general rules of correct thinking or correct inference, removes errors, arrives at correct thinking or correct inference, and thereby attains correct knowledge and truth.
(c) Shape veracity.
Answer: Truth that can be reached through coherent thinking is called formal truth. Coherent thinking refers to thinking free from contradictions. Circular rectangles, curved straight lines - such thoughts or ideas are not free from internal contradictions, they are self-contradictory. So, it doesn't have morphological truth. But spherical circle- it is morphologically true.
(d) Material veracity.
Answer: Material truth is the truth that can be reached through the correspondence or similarity of thought or perception with objects in the real world. For example, thinking or assuming that the leaves of a tree are green shows that this assumption is consistent with the green leaves of a tree in the real world.
(e) Scope of argumentation.
Answer: The scope of a science refers to the field of subject matter of that science. The scope of logic refers to the area of the subject matter of logic. Logic also deals with a specific category.
(f) The content of logic.
Answer:
9. Define with examples:
(a) Idealized science.
Answer: Idealistic science is the science that determines the value of objects or events by taking an ideal as a criterion. Examples of idealistic science are:
(i) Ethics is an idealistic science.
(ii) The ideal of ethics is 'supreme welfare or 'best'
(b) Subjective science
Answer: The science that deals with the true nature of subject matter is called objective science. Three examples of subjective sciences are physics, botany and psychology.
Answer: Science is coherent, logical, authentic, true, certain and general knowledge about a particular category of nature. An example of science is physiology.
(d) Art.
Answer: Art is the science that teaches the rules or principles of applying knowledge in practice for the achievement of a specific purpose. An example of art is surgery.
10. Give a satisfactory definition of argumentation. Explain for what reasons it is satisfactory.
Answer: Mill's definition of logic is considered more satisfactory when considering the definitions of logic of Aldrich, Albertus Magnus, Hoetley and Mill.
Formal and material truths are seen here. Therefore, it is called satisfactory.
11. Describe the nature of logic.
Answer: Intelligence is a special quality of man. Humans are different from other creatures because they have intelligence. People can think about intelligence. But thinking may not always be right.
12. What is your idea of the scope of logic?
Answer: Logic deals with inference or reasoning. Indirect knowledge is a subject of logic. The subject of logic is thought or inference and its authentic descriptive rules. Logic is concerned with the correctness of thought or the soundness of assumptions. Discussion of the basic processes of thought is not a matter of logic. Logic is concerned with quantity. Topics discussed in terms, proverbs, logic, and logic.
Logic deals with both inference and inference, as well as the processes that support both. Logic deals with both formal and material truths. Modern symbolic logic deals with size as a purely morphological science.
Logic also discusses the basic formulas of thought - the law of identity, the law of contradiction and the law of neutrality.
Logic also discusses the defects that arise when the rules of truth are not followed properly.
13. Is logic a science or an art?
Answer: Logic is both a science and an art. The subject of logic is thought or inference. When discussing thought or inference, argumentation also deals with the processes that support thought or inference. Logic gives knowledge of general principles concerning thought or inference. Furthermore, these general principles are applied in practice for the purpose of avoiding mistakes and arriving at correct thinking or accurate conclusions. The purpose of logic is to arrive at truth. So, there are both subjective and practical aspects of logic.
So, logic is not just a science or an art. Logic is both a science and an art. Although distinctions are made between science and art, both are interdependent. Knowledge gained from science is meaningful only when it is applied to achieve a purpose in practice.
14. Is logic an objective science or an idealistic science?
Answer:
15. Explain why logic is called the science of science and the art of art.
Answer:
16. Is logic a formal science or is it concerned with material truth?
Answer:
17. State the usefulness of logic.
Answer: Some people say that logic has no utility. According to them, logic does not teach us to think or reason. People can think or reason correctly without studying logic. On the other hand, even if one studies logic, one cannot always think or reason correctly.
Thinking is a natural human capacity. Logic teaches us to think correctly. People who are able to reason correctly without studying logic can become more proficient in reasoning if they rely on their knowledge of logic. Furthermore, such people need to seek the help of logic if they make mistakes. Again, logic cannot be held responsible for people who do not think correctly even after studying logic.
Logic dictates the principles of correct thinking or sound inference. Following these rules and regulations can lead to correct thinking or accurate assumptions and thereby acquire accurate knowledge and truth.
All kinds of science and art depend on logic. Logic is a mental exercise. Through the study of logic, natural thinking is improved and activated, mental development is achieved.
The study of logic dispels doubts, superstitions, stereotypes and emotions and encourages reasoning. Logic is said to be the backbone of rhetoric.
Logic as the science of correct thought is actually the basis of all kinds of enlightenment.
18. Which of the following types of direct knowledge and indirect knowledge is involved in logic?
Answer: Logic is related to indirect knowledge among direct knowledge and indirect knowledge. Knowledge acquired through any other means of knowledge is called indirect knowledge. Indirect knowledge is knowledge gained through inference, words, etc.
Logic is concerned with proving the truth of matters of knowledge. In the case of direct knowledge, there is no need to establish authenticity. Knowledge gained through external perception must be accepted as accurate if the senses are healthy and knowledge gained through internal perception if the mind is in nature, but indirect knowledge ie knowledge gained through inference and words is subject to error. Therefore, the question of proving or authenticating indirect knowledge arises.
The main subject of logic is inference. Logic also deals with some issues that contribute to the main theme. The main function of logic is to know or perceive truth and to prove the truth of what is known.
Therefore, logic is concerned with indirect knowledge, not direct knowledge. According to Oriental logic, all kinds of knowledge are the subject of logic.
19. Judge whether Mill's definition of argumentation is a satisfactory definition of argumentation.
Answer: Mill's definition of logic is a satisfactory definition of logic. This is because Mill's definition is considered more satisfactory when considering the definitions of logic of Aldrich, Albertus Magnus, Hoetley, and Mill.
20. Define logic and explain its nature.
Answer: Logic is the science of thought expressed in logic language.
21. What is meant by traditional logic? Is there a fundamental difference between traditional logic and symbolic logic? discuss.
Answer: Traditional logic or ancient logic refers to the science of logic founded by the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the fourth century BC.
Difference:
The history of traditional logic is long, while that of modern logic is short. However, the difference between traditional logic and modern logic is the difference at different stages of development. The scope of traditional logic is narrower than that of modern logic. The use of symbols in traditional logic is limited, but in modern logic they are widely used. The difference between traditional logic and modern logic is only dimensional or quantitative, not qualitative. There is no fundamental difference between the two.
22. Discuss the relationships and differences between symbolic logic and traditional logic.
Answer:
