Chapter 5 (A)
Memory and Forgetting
Question: Answer:
1. Define memory.
Answer: i) Psychologist James. S.S. According to Ross, “A memory is a new experience determined by the dispositions laid down by a previous experience, the relation between the two being clearly apprehended.
ii) The famous psychologist William Mc. Dougall defined memory as “Memory in a limited or narrow sense is the experience of the past
2. What is memory? Discuss the components on which memory depends.
Answer: Memory is a complex process in the human brain. It is a process that helps us to collect various documents obtained through learning experiences, store them in replica form and restore those stored replicas. The meaningfulness of education depends on preserving it in a cleansed mind and reviving it as needed
i) Learning: The first condition of memory is the acquisition of experience. It is impossible to get an image of any subject without gaining real experience. Sensory experience creates a memory pressure in the mind. Memory depends on the clarity and vividness of the stimulus. It is important to note that the physical and mental health, emotions, healthy environment, etc. of the students affect the learning process. We cannot remember things we have never seen or heard. For example, we cannot experience the aesthetic beauty of the Himalayas without visual experience.
ii) Retention: The second stage or component of memory is retention. Reservation is a mental ability that a person is born with. Memory depends on the storage capacity of the individual mind. However, this conservation process is influenced by the physical and mental activity of the individual, environment, etc. Storage capacity also varies from person to person. We try to preserve replicas of our learning experiences. This storage capacity of the mind helps in the mental development of the person. Therefore, conservation is called a silent mental effort.
iii) Recall: The third stage of the memory process is recall. Recall is the act of restoring images of previous experiences from the subconscious mind to the conscious mind. It is an active mental effort. Through recall, we can bring previous experiences to consciousness even in the absence of the stimulus. Psychologist Udvarthe defines remembrance as 'Remembrance is the remembrance of something that does not exist in the present. (Recall is remembering something that is not present) Exact replicas of all types of learning experiences cannot be stored. Some of it is forgotten. The clearer and deeper the pressure of the learner's previous experience, the easier it is to recall. Recall is the act of bringing previous experiences to the conscious mind in an unchanged state.
iv) Recognition: When the object or subject to be remembered is sensible to the person, the present experience becomes easier. That is, in such cases, it is a sign by comparing past experience with present experience
3. What are the characteristics of memory acuity? Explain how to improve memory
Answer:i) Ease and Rapid ity of Learning : People with high memory can master learning subjects easily and in a short period of time . People with poor memory require more time and effort to learn.
ii) Permanence Retention: We learn easily and forget easily (Easy learning is easy forgetting). Firm storage of experience is a hallmark of people with superior memories. People with high or strong memory can master content easily and store it for a long time. This is not possible for people with poor memory.
iii) Prompt and Accurate Reproduction: Memory is a sign of the ability to recall stored experiences quickly if necessary. Such people can reproduce previous experiences completely intact.
iv) Serviceability: Sometimes we fail to retrieve stored experiences to the conscious mind at the moment of need. However, people with strong memories can quickly identify the necessary parts from the experiences stored in the unconscious mind and apply them correctly at the right time.
4. The Describe the symptoms of good or excellent memory.
Answer: i) Ability to learn and remember anything with little effort: Children with strong memory can learn and remember anything. They take less time to learn and remember and are easier to remember than the general public.
ii) Long-term experience storage capacity: Another sign of memory acuity is long-term storage capacity. This means that people with good memory can store exactly what they learn or remember for a long time.
iii) Rapid stimulation: The ability to stimulate quickly also indicates strong memory. It is also a sign of good memory to be able to recall previously learned information quickly without interruption.
iv) Accurate recall: Although the ability to recall past experiences quickly is a sign of memory acuity, it is worth considering whether this recall is accurate. Children with strong memories can recall past memories accurately very quickly. However, those with poor memory fail to do so.
v) Memory efficacy: Evidence of good and poor memory comes from memory efficiency. Those with good memories can recall whatever experiences they need whenever they are needed. On the other hand, people with poor memory fail to remember what they have learned.
5. What is meant by memory range?
Answer: Psychologists conduct various experiments to determine how many of the memory components given to a person at the same time. This proves that people have a certain ability to remember things they have seen or heard over and over again. This limited capacity of memory in an individual is called memory range.
6. Describe the different types of memory.
Answer: i) Habit Memory: Habit memory is the memory we acquire through physical activity. Repetition of physical actions creates a memory pressure in the mind. It does not require the mental abilities of a person such as intelligence, thinking, reasoning, etc. A person can learn and remember a subject completely mechanically. For example, memory of typing, cycling, etc. is achieved through mechanical physical movements.
Habit memory is again divided into two categories based on time intervals.
(a) Immediate Memory: Immediate memory is an experience that does not have a time gap between acquisition, storage and retrieval. It is entirely purposeful. For example, students use this memory when writing transcripts. Experience gained is remembered only for the time required to apply it. It disappears from the mind as soon as the need is gone.
(b) Prolonged Memory: Prolonged memory is the period of time between the storage and recall of copies of learning experiences. While longer time intervals weaken the pressure of replication, psychologists argue that in such cases, that is, time intervals only help to reconstruct the experience. New experiences make a person's old experiences richer and more meaningful.
i) Image Memory: Image memory is the act of recalling previous experiences to the conscious mind with the help of images. Instead of physical motor functions, a person's healthy mental organization, intelligence, image storage ability, memory, etc. are required for image memory. It is during these times that it becomes possible to preserve the learning experience in its true form and restore it as needed. Because of these characteristics, psychologist Bagson has called it true memory.
ii) Rote Memory: Memory acquired through physical and mechanical repetition is called rote memory or mechanical memory. This is done completely mechanically without understanding any meaning of the subject matter to be learned. This memory is acquired through repeated physical movements without the use of mental faculties. Such memories disappear in the absence of repetition. Remembering a person's name, address, house, car, telephone number, etc. are examples of mechanical memory. It is transient.
iii) Logical Memory: Memory obtained through the application of mental faculties such as thinking, reasoning, judgment etc. is called logical memory or judgmental memory. Here, the experience of the subject matter is acquired by logical judgment. This memory depends on the mental ability of the person. The application of mental energy helps to clearly preserve the image of the experience. This memory is long-lasting.
iv) Associative Memory : When you think of a subject or experience, you think of another experience associated with it. In other words, the memory of another subject that happened simultaneously in connection with one subject comes to mind. We apply this principle of context to the memory of learning experiences.
v) Sensory Memory: Sensory memory is the memory acquired through direct sensory perception of our senses. Memory images can be obtained from the experiences of sight, touch, smell, sound and taste. The same person does not have the same ability to retain memory images of every sensation. Sensory memory varies from person to person. A person with a strong visual memory may not have a strong auditory memory. Sensory memory is considered separately with regard to their respective existence and characteristics.
vi) Active and passive memory: Memory is divided into two categories, active memory and passive memory, based on the application of active and passive efforts of a person to acquire memories of past experiences.
7. What is forgetfulness? Explain the causes of amnesia.
Answer: Forgetfulness is the opposite of memory. We cannot remember all the things we learn and all the experiences we have. When we cannot remember, we say we have forgotten. This forgetting is called forgetfulness. Therefore, forgetfulness is the inability to remember what has been learned. Forgetfulness is generally considered to be the opposite of memory.
Causes of forgetfulness include -
i) Brain Injury: The part of the brain that performs memory functions
If the part that does is injured for any reason, memory can be permanently or temporarily lost.
ii) Fatigue: Excessive physical and mental exertion affects the body and mind
It brings fatigue. In this condition, the muscles and nerves of the body become weak
and reduced replica storage capacity. This increases forgetfulness.
iii) Drug addiction: The nervous system of a person as a result of drug addiction
They become weak. This weakens the ability to store images and causes memory loss.
4. The Old age: In old age, a person's ability to store images becomes weaker due to physical and neurological weakness, resulting in an inability to maintain memory.
5. Lack of Exercise: Clearly the epitome of learning content
Preservation requires repetition or discussion. If it is lacking, it is learning
The experience is forgotten .
8. Write shortly :
(a) Retention
Answer: The third stage of memory is recall. Recall is the act of restoring images of previous experiences from the subconscious mind to the conscious mind. It is an active mental effort. Through recall, we can bring previous experiences to consciousness even in the absence of the stimulus. Psychologist Udvarthe defines remembrance as 'Remembrance is the remembrance of something that does not exist in the present. (Recall is remembering something that is not present) Exact replicas of all types of learning experiences cannot be stored. Some of it is forgotten. The clearer and deeper the pressure of the student's previous experience, the easier it is to recall. Recall is the act of bringing previous experiences to the conscious mind in an unchanged state .
(b) Recognition
Answer: Present experience becomes easier when the object or subject to be remembered is sensible to the person. In other words, in such cases, past experience can be identified by comparing it with current experience. For insight, one should not rely solely on copies or templates of previous experience. For example, as difficult as it is to remember the name of a person you already know, it is relatively easy to identify that person by giving a few names. Students have to recall when answering essay questions. On the other hand, in objective tests, some questions are easier for students to answer if they are asked multiple choice questions.
(c) Image
Answer: Replica memory is the act of recalling previous experiences to the conscious mind with the help of replicas. Instead of physical motor functions, a person's healthy mental organization, intelligence, image storage ability, memory, etc. are required for image memory. It is during these times that it becomes possible to preserve the replica of the learning experience in its original form and restore it as needed. Because of these characteristics, psychologist Bergson called it true memory.
(d) Repression
Answer: We do not want to remember painful or annoying experiences. I deliberately send such experiences from my conscious mind This is called suppression. It is a mental defense mechanism to protect our conscious mind from the effects of unhealthy experiences. Psychologist Freuss describes amnesia as a deliberate and active act. In other words, we forget things we don't want to remember. These things we keep in the subconscious mind without our knowledge and Freud called this state the subconscious. Therefore, the act of pushing from the conscious mind to the subconscious mind is called repression.
(e) Retro-active Inhibition
Answer: When we learn a subject right after learning another subject, the second subject forgets most of the first subject. This is called retrograde blockage.
9. How can the effects of forgetfulness be overcome?
Answer:
10. What do you mean by attention? Discuss the major characteristics of attention.
Answer: Attention is a mental process. Attention is when we are aware of, focus on, and think about the things around us. In other words, attention is the conscious focusing of the mind on an object.
Characteristics of Attention -
1. Attention is a selective act. Attention is paid to a particular subject from among the various stimuli in the environment.
2. Attention is dynamic. We cannot keep our minds focused on one subject for too long.
3. There is a limitation to attention. Only a limited amount of subjects can be addressed at the same time.
4. The Attention is an investigative function of the mind. The mind is attracted to the variety or innovation of every new subject.
5. Attention can be of two types, conscious and passive. To focus on a subject means to divert attention from the previous subject.
6. Attention is an analytical process. The subject of attention is thoroughly analyzed and a clear idea is gained in the mind.
11. Describe the reasons for attention.
Answer:
❋Internal or personal reasons [ Subjective condition ] :
1. Instinct: A person's biological instinct internally determines the subject of attention. Curiosity is the reason why a person's mind is attracted to new subjects.
2. Emotion: Many times a person chooses the subject of attention in pursuit of emotion.Attention given without emotion is usually not sustainable.
3. Interest: Psychologist McDougal describes interest as a latent state of attention. The interest inherent in the individual's mind draws attention to the subject matter.
4. The Sentiment: Sentiment is a well-organized and sustained state of emotion. This creates permanent interest and attention in the mind. It is also called a biological mental tendency. A mother's attraction to her child is the result of such an attitude.
5. Desire: Desires arising from biological needs affect a person's attention. The sexual desires inherent in a person attract him to the opposite sex. The desire to excel in the workplace makes a person interested and attentive to performance.
6. Past experience: The memory of past experiences naturally attracts the mind to the subject.
7. Habit: The mechanical practice of habit can also determine the attention of the individual mind. Habit allows a person to pay attention to multiple subjects at the same time.
8. Mental Health : Healthy mental health is another condition of attention. When you are burdened with various mental problems, you cannot pay attention to anything.
❋ External or objective cause [Objective condition]:
1. Size: It is generally seen that larger objects attract a person's attention more easily than smaller objects. Therefore, advertisements are displayed in large letters in newspapers etc. to attract the attention of the readers.
2. Mobility: We pay more attention to moving objects than to static objects. People are more interested in movies than still images. A bird flying in the sky is more attractive to children. Dynamic advertisements displayed through electronic media easily attract the attention of individuals.
3. Contrast: Contrasting objects or subjects can also attract a person's attention. When there is a boy in a crowd of girls, when there is a tall man with a tall man, we pay attention to them.
4. The Secrecy: An event or action that is kept secret arouses curiosity in our minds and attracts attention. The child's mind becomes more interested in doing things that are forbidden to do, in eating things that are forbidden.
5. Position: The presentation or position of the content can attract a person's attention. Therefore, important news is presented on the front page or at the top of the newspaper to attract the attention of the individual.
6. Change: Changes in environment and circumstances often attract our attention.
7. Repetition: The repetition of an event or subject can also attract our attention.
8. Discipline: A disciplined environment and neatness attracts everyone. We are more interested and attracted by the neatly decorated house of the housewife, the neatly managed and planned presentation of the college library.
12. Define attention. State and explain the major types of attention.
Answer: Different psychologists have explained attention in different ways. Some of these are given below:
1. Defining attention, psychologist Mc Dougall says, “Attention is an action instinct or action effort of the mind that can be considered as the result of cognitive processes”. (Attention is merely containing or striving considered from the point of view of its effect on cognition process).
2. According to psychologist James Ross, attention is the process by which a subject of thought is clearly presented in the mind. (Attention is a process of getting an object of thought clearly before the mind).
3. Describing the nature of attention, psychologist Ryburn says that attention is a function of the personality that involves feelings, behaviors, and basic cognitive functions. (Attention is activity of the personality and into it enters feeling and will as well as the fundamental activity we call cognition.)
4. The According to psychologist Wood Worth, “Attention, in short, is the act of being prepared to observe something or to do something.” (“To attend is in short to get set and ready to perceive a certain object or to perform a certain act.?")
The major types of attention are explained below -
❋ Volitional and Non-volitional attention [ Volitional and Non-volitional attention]: Psychologist James Ross divides attention into two categories based on the willingness and lack of readiness of the individual mind to pay attention–
(a) Volitional attention
(b) Non-volitional attention
a. Volitional attention:
This type of attention is the willpower of the person. Voluntary attention is governed by the interest, purpose, commitment and mental awareness of the individual mind. When a person wants to accomplish something, he pays attention even in adverse environments. This attention is further divided into two categories: Explicit attention and Implicit attention.
1. Explicit attention: This attention is influenced by the immediate needs of the situation. It repeatedly applies the will of the individual mind. Students pay clear attention to their studies during examinations.
2. Implicit attention: When attention is paid to an action for a long time, it is called implicit attention. It involves the desire, interest, depth of knowledge and sincerity of the individual and is internally related to the subject matter. As a result, the influence of external circumstances cannot interfere with attention. Artists, philosophers, scientists, etc. pay such attention.
b. Non-volitional attention :
Involuntary attention is dominated by the intensity or attractiveness of external stimuli. It is not controlled by the will of the individual. Individuals pay attention to external aspects of the environment spontaneously and instinctively. This attention does not depend on a person's knowledge or mental maturity. Involuntary attention is further divided into two categories: imposed and spontaneous attention.
1. Enforced attention: Enforced attention is the instinctive payment of attention to environmental stimuli. Loud sounds or bright lights attract the senses and create attention. Children's attention is usually of this type.
2. Spontaneous attention: Our attention is spontaneously attracted to certain stimuli as a result of previous experience. This is called spontaneous attention. It is not affected by instinctive mechanical attention. Attention is influenced by attitudes that are permanently formed as a result of repetition of sensory experiences. When we hear a song we love playing, our attention is spontaneously attracted.
2. Sensory attention and Idealistic attention: Sensory attention is the attention that results from direct sensory perception through the senses. Here attention is influenced and controlled by the external environment. The inner aspects of the individual mind are not involved. Emotional attention, on the other hand, is controlled and guided by the thoughts, emotions, etc. of a person's mind. Here, memories of past experiences attract attention rather than the content of real situations. Emotional attention is when students sometimes focus on other things instead of paying attention to the teacher while present in the classroom.
3. Direct and Derived attention [Immediate and Derived attention]: The stimulus of a real-world stimulus directly attracts a person's attention. There is no need to control one's own efforts or mind. It is controlled by the biological instinctive actions of the individual. In the case of indirect attention, the subject matter has no attractive properties of its own. They attract attention only because they are related to an important topic. For example, the attention we give to the clothes worn by the kings of the Ahom era and the 'kharamjor' worn by Mahatma Gandhi in the museum is indirect attention. Here, it is not the 'dress' or 'kharamjor' that is the subject of attraction, but the two persons who use the subject matter.
4. The Analytic attention and synthetic attention: Based on the way attention is paid to the subject, psychologist Angel divides attention into two categories: analytical and synthetic. Analytical attention is when thorough and extensive attention is paid to every part of the subject matter of study. Scientists pay such attention when studying in the laboratory. Synthetic attention, on the other hand, is the act of focusing on the subject as a whole. This attention depends on the knowledge, skills, mental maturity and insight of the person. When thinkers try to solve a problem, they pay analytical attention to all aspects of the problem.
5. Span of Attention: Some psychologists believe that a person can pay attention to more than one object at the same time. The number of objects he can attend to at the same time is the extent of his attention. Psychologists conduct many experiments on human attention to sight and sound. Such tests use a special type of equipment. This device is called a tachistoscope. It asks you to pay attention to some randomly placed dots or letters for just a moment (fraction of a second). According to the data obtained from such experiments, the spread of attention of adults to such points is usually six points. Therefore, the attention span is assumed to be six. However, such spread may be greater for neatly placed points.
13. What is interest? Describe its different types.
Answer: Interest is when an object or subject in the environment becomes important to us and a mental relationship is established with it
i) Latent interest and acquired interest [Innate and Acquired interest ] :
Latent interest: The innate biological tendencies of a person come into contact with the environment and create interest. Interest created by such biological tendencies is called latent interest. Mothers' interest in newborns, adolescents' interest in the opposite sex are such latent interests. This latent interest is not affected by education. Because such interest is involuntary, its impact is not far-reaching.
Acquired interest: A person's education, experience, needs, tastes, etc. create interest in the subject. This is called earned interest. An individual's desire and activity can make interest far-reaching and sustainable. Interests also vary as individuals' own actions depend on their experiences. The interest shown by children in sports is an acquired interest.
ii) Durable and Transitory interest: Durable interest is the interest that persists in the mind of an individual for a long time. Parental interest in children is a long-term interest. A person's interest in a subject or business for a living is an example of such interest.
Temporary interest: Temporary interest is an interest that arises temporarily in the mind of an individual. This interest arises only according to need and circumstances. After the purpose is fulfilled, this interest also ends. Interest in the newspaper is only for the day, not usually for the newspaper of the previous day.
14. Explain the relationship between interest and attention.
Answer: There is a very close relationship between interest and attention. You can't think of one without the other. They are like two sides of a coin. Attention is an active mental state that is selective. Interest, on the other hand, is a latent mental state driven by emotions, feelings, etc. This interest gives us the strength to choose an object or subject from the conscious mind and pay attention to it. We pay attention only to things or subjects that interest us. In other words, interest is the internal cause of attention. It is not visible to us because the interest is dormant. But because of that interest, when a person pays attention to a subject, it is easily noticed. Therefore, the active state of interest is called attention.
15. Interest is the latent state of attention and attention is the active state of interest— Explain the statement.
Answer:
16. Determine the difference:
(a) Voluntary and involuntary attention (b) Latent and acquired interest
Answer: (a) Voluntary attention and involuntary attention: Attention is divided into the following categories based on the willingness of the payer. When attention is given willingly to the stimulus, it is called voluntary attention. For example, students' attention to books during exams. It takes determination, willpower.
On the other hand, when one is forced to pay attention to a task involuntarily because of the acuteness of the stimulus, it is called involuntary attention. It does not require any effort or willpower. For example, bright lights or loud noises are not deliberately paid attention to.
(b) Innate and Acquired interest :
Latent interest: The innate biological tendencies of a person come into contact with the environment and create interest. Interest created by such biological tendencies is called latent interest. Mothers' interest in newborns, adolescents' interest in the opposite sex are such latent interests. This latent interest is not affected by education. Because such interest is involuntary, its impact is not far-reaching.
Acquired interest: A person's education, experience, needs, tastes, etc. create interest in the subject. This is called earned interest. An individual's desire and activity can make interest far-reaching and sustainable. Interests also vary as individuals' own actions depend on their experiences. The interest shown by children in sports is an acquired interest.
17. Write a short note
(a) External causes of attention
Answer: It is the various circumstances or factors of the external environment that are more important than the internal state of the individual mind. Such factors are called objective determinants. This is briefly discussed below—
i) Size: It is generally seen that large objects attract a person's attention more easily than small objects. Therefore, advertisements are displayed in large letters in newspapers etc. to attract the attention of the readers.
ii) Intensity of stimulus: The intensity of the stimulus attracts the attention of all people. Attention is easily and naturally paid to loud noises, bright lights, bright colours, etc.
iii) Novelty: We usually focus on new subjects, new environments. A child is more interested and attentive to a new toy, a student to a new book.
(b) sensory attention
Answer: Sensory attention is the attention that results from direct sensory perception through the senses. Here attention is influenced and controlled by the external environment. The inner aspects of the individual mind are not involved.
(c) Voluntary attention
Answer: Attention is divided into the following categories according to the willingness of the attentive. When attention is given willingly to the stimulus, it is called voluntary attention. For example, students' attention to books during exams. It takes determination, willpower.
(d) Involuntary attention
Answer: When one is forced to pay attention to a task despite his reluctance due to the acuteness of the stimulus, it is called involuntary attention. It does not require any effort or willpower. For example, bright lights or loud noises are not deliberately paid attention to.
(e) Latent interest and acquired interest.
Answer: Latent interest: The innate biological tendencies of a person come into contact with the environment and create interest. Interest created by such biological tendencies is called latent interest. Mothers' interest in newborns, adolescents' interest in the opposite sex are such latent interests. This latent interest is not affected by education. Since such interest is involuntary, its impact is not far-reaching.
Acquired interest: A person's education, experience, needs, tastes, etc. create interest in the subject. This is called earned interest. An individual's desire and activity can make interest far-reaching and sustainable. Interests also vary as individuals' own actions depend on their experiences. The interest shown by children in sports is an acquired interest.
» Questions: Short Questions :
(a) What is the first condition of memory?
Answer: Gaining experience through learning.
(b) What is recognition?
Answer: Recognition is the act of identifying the present content of a stimulus with the help of past experience.
(d) Who said “Forgetfulness -- a defense process of the conscious mind”.
Answer: Sigmund Freud.
(c) Write down two characteristics of good memory.
Answer: (a) Ease and rapidity of learning: People with strong memory can learn and master anything easily. He has no trouble in this regard On the other hand, people with poor memory require more effort and time to master the learning material.
(b) Longevity of content storage: People with good memories not only master content easily, but can also retain it for longer. Many people learn things easily and forget them easily.
(e) What are the two conditions of attention?
Answer: There are two conditions of non-yoga - personal condition and
(f) What are the two types of voluntary attention?
Answer: Explicit attention and perceived attention.
(g) From what language is the word interest originally derived?
Answer: Interest is derived from the Latin word.
(h) Differentiate between latent interest and acquired interest.
Answer: Latent interest: The innate biological tendencies of a person come into contact with the environment and create interest. Interest created by such biological tendencies is called latent interest. Mothers' interest in newborns, adolescents' interest in the opposite sex are such latent interests. This latent interest is not affected by education. Since such interest is involuntary, its impact is not far-reaching.
Acquired interest: A person's education, experience, needs, tastes, etc. create interest in the subject. This is called earned interest. An individual's desire and activity can make interest far-reaching and sustainable. Interests also vary as individuals' own actions depend on their experiences. The interest shown by children in sports is an acquired interest.
(i) Write down the three elements of interest.
Answer
: Physically healthy.
2. Intellectual ability.
3. Environmental impact.
