Chapter 2(A)
Law of Causation
1) Fill in the blanks:
(a) Morphological basis of the causal rule arrival hypothesis .
(b) A coincidental fault occurs when any preceding event is attributed to the event .
(c) Multicausality is a misconception about cause .
2) Give a brief answer:
(a) According to Aristotle, what are the types of causes and what are they?
According to Aristotle, there are four types of causes. That is ㅡ
(i) Component cause
(ii) Morphological reasons
(iii) cause and effect
(iv) Quantity or Purpose Reason.
3) Differentiation:
(a) Causes and sub-causes
Answer : The differences between causes and sub-causes are as follows:
(i) Cause is the unconditional, intentional, unconditional event of action.
On the other hand, cause is an essential part of cause.
(ii) There are four types of causes.
On the other hand, there are two types of causes.
(iii) The parts of cause are ー material cause, formal cause, minute cause and quantitative or objective cause.
On the other hand, the categories of sub-causes are ー favorable or positive sub-causes, adverse or negative sub-causes.
(b) Multicausality and causation.
The differences between multiple causality and causal coordination are mentioned below
(i) According to multiple causality, the causes within the action can perform the action separately.
On the other hand, in cause coordination, the causes belonging to the action cannot perform the action separately.
(ii) Multicausality is a misconception.
On the other hand, causal harmony is not a misconception.
4) Write a brief:
(a) Multicausality.
Answer : Multicausality is a misconception about cause. According to multicausality, there can be many causes for an action. World events are very complicated. The causes of an incident are sometimes intertwined in such a way that it is difficult to determine the true cause of the incident.
Although multicausality seems true from a secular point of view, it cannot be supported from a scientific point of view. Because the concept of multicausality comes to mind only as a result of misconceptions.
(b) Causal coordination and combination of actions.
Answer : Every action has a reason. Nothing can happen without a cause. A cause can only produce one action. But sometimes it is seen that there are many causes involved in producing an action. Such a complex task cannot be performed alone for any reason. When multiple causes are combined and act together to perform a complex function, the causes are called cause coordination or cause combination.
On the other hand, a combination of actions is a mixture of different actions produced by combined causes. For example, winning a football match requires the efforts of many players, not just one.
(c) favorable and unfavorable benefits.
Answer : The cause by which the action takes place is called the favorable cause. The action takes place in the presence of favorable causes.
An adverse cause is a cause without which the action occurs. The action occurs only in the absence of adverse causes. Adverse factors interfere with work production.
An action takes place only in the combination of favorable and unfavorable causes. For example, the height of the roof, the hardness of the ground, and chest pain are the favorable causes of the death of the mechanic by falling from the roof. On the other hand, his physical ability, help from someone, good treatment, etc. are adverse factors.
5. 5. Define the reason. Describe the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the cause.
Answer : Cause is the unconditional, intentional, unconditional event of action. There are four types of reasons. The parts of cause are ー material cause, formal cause, minute cause and quantitative or objective cause.
The qualitative characteristics of the cause are 一
(i) Cause and effect are interdependent.
(ii) Both cause and effect are events that occur at a particular time.
(iii) the antecedents of cause and effect.
(iv) The unconditional, intentional, antecedent event of the cause of action.
(v) Cause The intention of the action, the antecedent event.
(vi) The unconditional, intentional, unconditional antecedent of the cause of action.
The quantitative sign of a cause depends on the specific circumstances. But, here is a breakdown of what it usually entails 一
(i) Measurable changes: - Find changes in objectively measurable numbers or amounts. This could be something like ᅡ
Rate increases/decreases (e.g., transmission rates, sales figures)
changes in quantity (e.g., inventory levels, website traffic)
percentage change (e.g., customer satisfaction score, product defect rate)
(ii) Correlation: - Identify the relationship between measurable factors and possible causes. For example, warming (quantitative) temperatures may correlate with increased ice cream sales (another quantitative factor), suggesting a cause-effect relationship between hot weather and ice cream consumption.
6. 6. List five qualitative characteristics of cause.
Answer: The qualitative characteristics of cause are 一
(i) Cause and effect are interdependent.
(ii) Both cause and effect are events that occur at a particular time.
(iii) the antecedents of cause and effect.
(iv) The unconditional, intentional, antecedent event of the cause of action.
(v) Cause The intention of the action, the antecedent event.
(vi) The unconditional, intentional, unconditional antecedent of the cause of action.
