Chapter 2
Grounds Of Induction
1) Fill in the blanks:
(a) There are two types of grounds for arrival.
(b) The morphological basis of the homogeneity law of nature arrival hypothesis .
(c) Nature behaves uniformly in the environment .
(d) The logical defect arising from Mill's contradictory statements about the law of uniformity of nature is called the cyclic defect .
2) Give a brief answer:
(a) What are the other types of shape bases for arrival estimates?
Answer : There are two types of formal basis for arrival estimates. That is ㅡ
(i) The law of uniformity of nature and
(ii) Cause-and-effect rule.
(b) Why is the law of uniformity of nature called the morphological basis of the arrival hypothesis?
Answer : The law of uniformity of nature and the law of cause and effect can be used to establish the formal truth of a true universal statement. Therefore, the law of uniformity of nature is called the formal basis of the inference of arrival.
(c) What is the paradox of the coming?
Answer : The paradox of advent is Mill's contradictory view of the law of uniformity of nature.
3) Differentiation:
(a) Morphological basis and material basis of arrival.
The differences between the morphological basis of arrival and the material basis of arrival are as follows:
The formal basis of advent is the rule or rules on which advent relies in arriving at a small truth from particular examples and in order to establish its formal truth.
On the other hand, the processes on which advent relies in order to arrive at a small truth from particular instances and to establish its objective truth are called the material basis of advent.
4) Write a brief:
(a) The arrival paradox.
Answer : The paradox of advent is Mill's contradictory view of the law of uniformity of nature. According to Mill, the law of uniformity of nature is a formal basis and prerequisite for all advent. This rule is accepted in advance in cases where the overall decision of all arrivals is established.
Mill called the law of uniformity of nature a priori and once concluded. But the same thing cannot be "a priori" and a "decision" at the same time. Therefore, this rule of mill is contradictory. This contradiction of Mill's view is known as the paradox of advent.
(b) Morphological basis of arrival.
Answer : One of the two types of basis for arrival estimates is the formal basis of arrival. The formal basis of advent is the rule or rules on which advent relies in arriving at a small truth from particular examples and in order to establish its formal truth. There are two main types of formal basis for arrival estimates. That is ㅡ
(i) The law of uniformity of nature and
(ii) Cause-and-effect rule.
(c) The law of uniformity of nature.
Answer : Although the law of uniformity of nature is expressed in various ways by logicians, its basic meaning is that nature always behaves in the same way under the same conditions. The behavior of nature is uniform. Nature is subject to kingdom laws. There is no chaos in nature. A natural phenomenon always behaves the same under given circumstances. An event that occurred in a particular situation will be repeated if the same situation arises. Nature never violates her laws unless a fortuitous cause appears.
The law of uniformity of nature is not an inevitable self-evident of logic. We can never deny this law. It must be believed. It is based on this belief that day follows night, night follows day. Spring is followed by winter, winter is followed by spring, and so on.
5. 5. What is the law of uniformity of nature? Explain the nature of the universe according to the law of uniformity of nature.
Answer : Although the law of uniformity of nature is expressed in various ways by logicians, its basic meaning is that nature always behaves in the same way under the same conditions. The behavior of nature is uniform. Nature is subject to kingdom laws. There is no chaos in nature. A natural phenomenon always behaves the same under given circumstances. An event that occurred in a particular situation will be repeated if the same situation arises. Nature never violates her laws unless a fortuitous cause appears.
The law of uniformity of nature is not an inevitable self-evident of logic. We can never deny this law. It must be believed. It is based on this belief that day follows night, night follows day. Spring is followed by winter, winter is followed by spring, and so on.
The law of uniformity of nature, also known as the principle of uniformity, is a basic concept in science. It essentially states that, the laws of physics and nature are constant throughout the universe and do not change arbitrarily.
Here is how it shapes our understanding of the universe ³
(i) Predictability: - The law allows us to assume that, the effect of the same cause will be the same everywhere and every time. It allows us to make predictions about future events based on past observations. For example, since we have observed that a fire burns under normal circumstances, we can expect it to burn again under the same circumstances.
(ii) Scientific Method: - One of the basic concepts behind the scientific method is the law of uniformity of nature. This allows scientists to develop theories and test them through experiments. knowing that, the underlying laws will not suddenly change and will not invalidate its results.
(iii) Comprehensibility: - The idea that the universe works according to consistent laws makes it comprehensible. We can uncover these laws through scientific investigation and use them to explain natural phenomena.
The law of uniformity of nature is a fundamental principle, not an absolute truth. There may be exceptions we have not yet encountered, especially at the extremes of physics or regarding the origin of the universe. But it provides a powerful avenue for scientific exploration and our overall understanding of the world.
6. 6. Write down what you know about the contradictions of nature.
Answer : Although the law of uniformity of nature is expressed in various ways by logicians, its basic meaning is that nature always behaves in the same way under the same conditions. The behavior of nature is uniform. Nature is subject to kingdom laws. There is no chaos in nature. A natural phenomenon always behaves the same under given circumstances. An event that occurred in a particular situation will be repeated if the same situation arises. Nature never violates her laws unless a fortuitous cause appears.
The law of uniformity of nature is not an inevitable self-evident of logic. We can never deny this law. It must be believed. It is based on this belief that day follows night, night follows day. Spring is followed by winter, winter is followed by spring, and so on.
The law of uniformity of nature, also known as the principle of uniformity, is a basic concept in science. It essentially states that, the laws of physics and nature are constant throughout the universe and do not change arbitrarily.
Here is how it shapes our understanding of the universe ³
(i) Predictability: - The law allows us to assume that, the effect of the same cause will be the same everywhere and every time. It allows us to make predictions about future events based on past observations. For example, since we have observed that a fire burns under normal circumstances, we can expect it to burn again under the same circumstances.
(ii) Scientific Method: - One of the basic concepts behind the scientific method is the law of uniformity of nature. This allows scientists to develop theories and test them through experiments. knowing that, the underlying laws will not suddenly change and will not invalidate its results.
(iii) Comprehensibility: - The idea that the universe works according to consistent laws makes it comprehensible. We can uncover these laws through scientific investigation and use them to explain natural phenomena.
The law of uniformity of nature is a fundamental principle, not an absolute truth. There may be exceptions we have not yet encountered, especially at the extremes of physics or regarding the origin of the universe. But it provides a powerful avenue for scientific exploration and our overall understanding of the world.
