Chapter 7
Ethics and Purusarthas
1. 1. Answer:
(a) What is ethics?
Answer : Ethics is the science that judges the moral value of human character or behaviour.
(b) What is an optional action?
Answer : Voluntary actions are those actions which the actor consciously performs deliberately to accomplish an objective through the use of intelligence.
(c) What is a habitual verb?
Answer : When an action is deliberately practiced over and over again, it becomes a habit. Such actions are called habitual actions.
(d) What are the three levels of optional work?
Answer : The three levels of voluntary action are mental, physical and external.
(e) What is objective science?
Answer : A science that deals with the true nature of subject matter is called objective science.
(f) What is an ethical ideal?
Answer : The ideal of ethics is the moral judgment of behaviour, character, etc.
2. 2. Showing the difference:
(a) Objective science and idealistic science.
The differences between objective science and idealistic science are mentioned below
(i) Objective science is reality based.
Idealistic science, on the other hand, is value-based.
(ii) Objective science gives an accurate description of how the subject matter of scientific inquiry originates, develops and results. For example, psychology is an objective science. The subject of psychology is the mind.
(b) Moral and immoral acts.
Answer : The differences between moral work and immoral work are mentioned below
(i) An action that has moral qualities, ie, an action that is related to right and wrong, right and wrong, etc., is called moral action.
On the other hand, actions that cannot be attributed moral qualities, that is, actions that cannot be judged as right or wrong, right or wrong, etc., are called immoral actions.
(ii) Another name for moral action is voluntary action.
On the other hand, another name for immoral action is involuntary action.
(c) Purpose and intent.
Answer : The differences between purpose and intention are mentioned below
The object or situation that can alleviate the deficiency is the goal of voluntary action, and the thought or perception of it is the purpose of voluntary action. Purpose is a form of energy. which can induce voluntary action. A goal is one that can be motivated to achieve.
Intention, on the other hand, is a combination of goals, objectives, means of achieving goals and results. In addition to making decisions to achieve a goal and adopting the means or means necessary to achieve it in practice, a person is also aware of the possibilities in that regard. This mental preparation of the person is called intention.
(d) Voluntary action and involuntary action.
The differences between voluntary and involuntary actions are as follows
(i) Voluntary actions are those actions which the actor consciously performs deliberately to accomplish an objective by the use of intelligence.
On the other hand, involuntary action is an action that is done involuntarily without the knowledge of the doer or without the use of intelligence, influenced by external influences.
3. 3. Define:
(a) Ethics
Answer : Different ethicists have given different definitions of ethics. Some of the definitions are mentioned below
According to the noted ethicist Moorhead, "Ethics is the science of the best ideals concerned with human conduct."
According to Professor McKenzie, "Ethics is the science of the correctness or merit of human behavior.
(b) Objective science
Answer : The science that deals with the true nature of subject matter is called objective science.
(c) Idealized science
Answer : Idealistic science is the science that determines the value of objects or events by taking an ideal as a criterion.
(d) Moral action
Answer : An action that has moral qualities, that is, an action that is related to right and wrong, right and wrong, etc. is called a moral action.
(e) Immoral acts
Answer : Actions that cannot be attributed moral qualities, ie, actions that cannot be judged as right or wrong, right or wrong, etc. are called immoral actions.
4. The Write a brief:
(a) Idealized science
Answer : Idealistic science is the science that determines the value of subject matter by taking an ideal or standard as a criterion. Ethics is an idealistic science. Its ideal is supreme welfare or supreme good.
(b) Scope of ethics
Answer : Ethics is the idealistic science of human behaviour. Therefore, all matters that come into the context of this ideal fall within the scope of ethics.
(i) The purpose of ethics is to make moral judgments of human behaviour. Character is expressed through the outward behavior of a person. Behavior is the outward manifestation of character. Therefore, ethics discusses and investigates the nature, components and characteristics of human character. To learn about Chatri, ethics must discuss resolution, source of action, motivation, intention, voluntary and involuntary action, etc. from a psychological perspective. Only voluntary action is the subject of moral judgment.
(ii) Ethics also discusses moral beliefs such as good and evil, right and wrong, right and wrong, good and evil. The purpose of ethics is to judge whether an optional action is good or bad, right or wrong.
(iii) Moral obligation is another topic of discussion in ethics. As soon as an action is considered good or bad by moral judgment, the idea of doing the good thing and avoiding the bad thing comes to mind and this is called moral obligation. Ethics also discusses the nature of this moral obligation.
(iv) Because we have freedom of will, we are responsible for our own voluntary actions. This has resulted in a system of rewards for good deeds and punishments for bad deeds in our society. Therefore, the moral basis of reward and punishment is a matter of discussion in ethics.
(v) The words often used in ethics are 一 good and evil, right and wrong, good and bad, justice and injustice. Modern linguists have defined these ethical concepts clearly. That is called meta-ethics. Therefore, the main task of ethics is to clarify the vague meaning of these moral beliefs.
(c) Conflict of desire
Answer : When a deficiency can be easily filled, there is no conflict of desire. But there is infinite poverty in human life. There is no end to the desires associated with unlimited poverty. At the same time, it is not possible to satisfy multiple desires that arise at the same time. Conflict of desires is a mental state in which different desires cannot be fulfilled simultaneously and cannot be determined according to their importance.
(d) optional action level
Answer : There are three levels of voluntary action. That is 一
(i) Mental level
(ii) physical or physiological level and
(iii) Outer layer or liquidation layer
These levels are discussed in more detail below
(i) Mental Level: - The mental level consists of the following mental components. such as -
(a) Source of action: Sense of want is the source of human mental action. Poverty creates an uncomfortable and painful state of mind. People engage in action to end such mental states.
(b) Goal or objective: The object to overcome the deficiency is called the goal of voluntary action and the thought or concept of the object is called the objective of voluntary action. For example, for a person suffering from cold, warm clothes are the goal and the thought is the purpose.
(c) Desire: Desire is the idea of the object that can relieve the lack and the desire or longing in the mind to get the object.
(d) Conflict of desires: There can be multiple desires at the same time. Multiple desires that arise at the same time create conflict in the mind. That is called the conflict of desire.
(e) Consideration and choice: People think or consider morally to avoid mental conflict or conflict of desire. From many motives and desires, they choose one according to importance and necessity and abandon the others. This is the consideration and selection of optional actions. This is the level where moral judgment really begins.
(f) Decision and Resolution: After selecting a certain desire, a decision is made to fulfill it and a person makes a resolution to implement it.
(g) Intention: Intention is the most important of the elements of the mental level. Because it is a combination of intention, goal, objective, means and outcome.
Intention = goal + objective + means + result
(ii) Physical or physiological level: - In order to fulfill the intention, the person has to move the limbs and muscles. The physical level is the implementation of mental resolutions through the body.
(iii) Completion stage: - The completion of voluntary action is the attainment of the desired result. This achievement is sometimes expected and sometimes unexpected.
(e) Immoral acts
Answer : Actions that cannot be attributed moral qualities, ie, actions that cannot be judged as right or wrong, right or wrong, etc. are called immoral actions. Involuntary actions are immoral actions. Involuntary action is an action that is done involuntarily without the knowledge of the doer or without the use of intelligence, influenced by external influences. The following actions are immoral actions 一
(i) Acts committed by inanimate or unconscious objects or incidents caused by natural disasters are immoral. such as 一 earthquake, flood, storm, etc.
(ii) Moral qualities cannot be attributed to the actions or behavior of other animals.
(iii) The spontaneous actions of young children are immoral. Children do not act with any intention.
(iv) The actions of insane or deranged people cannot be judged morally. This is because they have no judgment due to mental disorders.
5. 5. What is meant by ethics? Describe its nature.
Answer : The branch of philosophy that deals with the moral judgment of human behaviour, manners, character, etc. That part is called ethics.
Morality is based on well-founded standards of right and wrong. which determines what people ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, justice, or specific virtues.
Ethics, at its core, is about finding the right thing to do. It is a branch of philosophy that deals with moral questions, helping us to understand what constitutes good and bad behavior. A breakdown of its nature follows 一
Value-based: - Ethical questions involve consideration of justice, fairness and what is best for the greater good.
Practical: - While there are theoretical aspects, ethics ultimately guides our actions and helps us navigate complex situations.
6. 6. What is ethics? Discuss its perimeter.
Answer : The branch of philosophy that deals with the moral judgment of human behaviour, manners, character, etc. That part is called ethics.
Ethics is the idealistic science of human behavior. Therefore, all matters that come into the context of this ideal fall within the scope of ethics.
(i) The purpose of ethics is to make moral judgments of human behaviour. Character is expressed through the outward behavior of a person. Behavior is the outward manifestation of character. Therefore, ethics discusses and investigates the nature, components and characteristics of human character. To learn about Chatri, ethics must discuss resolution, source of action, motivation, intention, voluntary and involuntary action, etc. from a psychological perspective. Only voluntary action is the subject of moral judgment.
(ii) Ethics also discusses moral beliefs such as good and evil, right and wrong, right and wrong, good and evil. The purpose of ethics is to judge whether an optional action is good or bad, right or wrong.
(iii) Moral obligation is another topic of discussion in ethics. As soon as an action is considered good or bad by moral judgment, the idea of doing the good thing and avoiding the bad thing comes to mind and this is called moral obligation. Ethics also discusses the nature of this moral obligation.
(iv) Because we have freedom of will, we are responsible for our own voluntary actions. This has resulted in a system of rewards for good deeds and punishments for bad deeds in our society. Therefore, the moral basis of reward and punishment is a matter of discussion in ethics.
(v) The words often used in ethics are 一 good and evil, right and wrong, good and bad, justice and injustice. Modern linguists have defined these ethical concepts clearly. That is called meta-ethics. Therefore, the main task of ethics is to clarify the vague meaning of these moral beliefs.
7. 7. Distinguish between moral and economic action. Which of these two actions is the subject of ethics?
Answer : The differences between moral actions and immoral actions are mentioned below
(i) An action that has moral qualities, ie, an action that is related to right and wrong, right and wrong, etc., is called a moral action.
On the other hand, actions that cannot be attributed moral qualities, that is, actions that cannot be judged as right or wrong, right or wrong, etc., are called immoral actions.
(ii) Another name for moral action is voluntary action.
On the other hand, another name for immoral action is involuntary action.
Of these two types of action, moral action is the subject of ethics.
8. 8. What is an optional action? Explain its different levels.
Answer : Voluntary actions are those actions which the actor consciously performs deliberately to accomplish an objective through the use of intelligence. There are three levels of optional action available. That is 一
(i) Mental level
(ii) physical or physiological level and
(iii) Outer layer or liquidation layer
These levels are discussed in more detail below
(i) Mental Level: - The mental level consists of the following mental components. such as -
(a) Source of action: Sense of want is the source of human mental action. Poverty creates an uncomfortable and painful state of mind. People engage in action to end such mental states.
(b) Goal or objective: The object to overcome the deficiency is called the goal of voluntary action and the thought or concept of the object is called the objective of voluntary action. For example, for a person suffering from cold, warm clothes are the goal and the thought is the purpose.
(c) Desire: Desire is the idea of the object that can relieve the lack and the desire or longing in the mind to get the object.
(d) Conflict of desires: There can be multiple desires at the same time. Multiple desires that arise at the same time create conflict in the mind. That is called the conflict of desire.
(e) Consideration and choice: People think or consider morally to avoid mental conflict or conflict of desire. From many motives and desires, they choose one according to importance and necessity and abandon the others. This is the consideration and selection of optional actions. This is the level where moral judgment really begins.
(f) Decision and Resolution: After selecting a certain desire, a decision is made to fulfill it and a person makes a resolution to implement it.
(g) Intention: Intention is the most important of the elements of the mental level. Because it is a combination of intention, goal, objective, means and outcome.
Intention = goal + objective + means + result
(ii) Physical or physiological level: - In order to fulfill the intention, the person has to move the limbs and muscles. The physical level is the implementation of mental resolutions through the body.
(iii) Completion stage: - The completion of voluntary action is the attainment of the desired result. This achievement is sometimes expected and sometimes unexpected.
9. 9. What is the content of moral judgment?
Answer : The subject matter of moral judgment is intention.
10. 10. Distinguish between intent and purpose.
Answer : The differences between purpose and intention are mentioned below
The object or situation that can alleviate the deficiency is the goal of voluntary action, and the thought or perception of it is the purpose of voluntary action. Purpose is a form of energy. which can induce voluntary action. A goal is one that can be motivated to achieve.
Intention, on the other hand, is a combination of goals, objectives, means of achieving goals and results. In addition to making decisions to achieve a goal and adopting the means or means necessary to achieve it in practice, a person is also aware of the possibilities in that regard. This mental preparation of the person is called intention.
11. 11. Is the subject of moral judgment purpose or intention?
Answer : The subject of moral judgment is intention.
Exercises
1. 1. Answer:
(a) What is Purushartha?
Answer : The highest goal of human life is called Purushartha. What a man or person desires is Purushartha.
(b) What are the four pursuits?
Answer : The four Purushartha are ᅠ Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha.
(c) Explain the meaning of Artha as Purushartha.
Answer : Meaning means wealth. Meaning is economic value. Kautilya's Arthashastra mentions two meanings of "artha" One of those two is — wealth or property and the other is land.
Through money, people can fulfill their desires. The acquisition and consumption of money is possible only in a healthy society. In a healthy society, individual behavior can be effective and safe. Kautilya emphasizes 'artha' pursuit rather than 'dharma' and 'kama' pursuit. This is because — 'wealth' contributes to virtue and enjoyment , however Kautilya does not advocate the uncontrolled acquisition of wealth under the control of profit. 'Artha' must be acquired on the basis of 'dharma' or virtue. Otherwise, 'money' sometimes has a negative impact on human life. Kautilya calls such 'artha' 'anartha' The desire behind 'money' should not be selfish. This desire should be motivated by a sense of benevolence or welfare.
2. 2. What is salvation?
Answer : Moksha or Nirvana is the escape from the cycle of birth and death.
3. 3. What are the different paths to salvation?
Answer : There are three paths to attain salvation. Those are 一
(i) Karma Yoga,
(ii) Jnana Yoga and
(iii) Bhakti Yoga.
4. The Explain the concept of religion.
Answer : The etymological meaning of religion is that which bears religion. The word Dharma is derived from the root "Dhr" "Dhr" means to hold, that is, the quality or power by which one holds is Dharma. Religion is what unites a society or a people. Religion is used in various senses such as social welfare laws, ethics, traditional social practices, rituals or rituals, and methods of worship. In Indian culture, religion is used in a broad sense. Religion is the lifeblood of Indian culture. Religion is a duty for worldly prosperity and spiritual excellence.
Everyone in society has his own religion. It is the religion of man to restrain the senses and do their own work. According to Indian ethics, it is a crime to adopt the religion of another without practicing one's own. Indian culture and ethics are more important in religion as Purushartha for the unity and welfare of society. In addition, religion brings spiritual fulfillment, awareness of social behaviour, awakens a sense of duty, and keeps one away from evil thoughts and evil deeds. Therefore, religion has the most widespread impact on human life.
