Chapter 6
Political Development of Assam (1826-1985)
Exercises
Answer the following questions.
1. (a) In what year was the Treaty of Yandabu signed?
Answer: This treaty was signed on 24 February
(b) Write down any one of the terms of the Treaty of Yandaboo.
Answer: Any one of the terms of the Treaty of Yandabu-
Under the terms of this treaty, the Man king paid appropriate compensation to the British Company and ceded Arakan, Tenaserim and Yeh.
(c) In which year did the First Anglo-Burmese War take place?
The First Anglo-Burmese War took place on 5 March 1824 AD .
(d) Who was Gomdhar Konwar?
Answer: Gamdhar Konwar was a freedom fighter of Assam and India.
(e) In what year was Milch's report submitted?
Answer: The Mills Report was submitted in
2. Write a brief:
(a) Treaty of Yandaboo
Answer: On 24 February 1826, the British Company Government and the King of Burma signed a treaty at Yandabu. This was the end of the First Anglo-Burmese War with the Treaty of Yandaboo. The terms of the Treaty of Yandabu were:
1. The Man king must pay the Company Rs. 1 crore as compensation for the war.
2. The provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim would go to the British.
3. The Mans shall not interfere in the states of Assam, Kachar and Jaintia.
4. The Mans undertook to accept King Gambhir Singh of Manipur as their king.
5. There will be a British Resident in Ava. The British allowed the Manchu king to keep an officer in Calcutta.
The terms of the Yandabu Treaty thus went in favor of the British. The Treaty of Yandabu ended the days of the Mans in Assam. After this treaty, the East India Company took over the rule of Assam and laid the foundation for the British Empire.
(b) David Scott
David Scott was appointed as the Governor General's agent for the entire East from Sikkim in the north, Kachar and Sylhet in the south . Scott began his career as a registrar at Gorakhpur in 1807 and was appointed as a judge and collector in several districts of Bengal. He also served as the Civil Commissioner of North East Rangpur, ie Goalpara and Garo Hills, and the Judge of Sylhet district.
(c) Report of Mills
In 1853 , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal expressed his desire to visit Assam and directed him to conduct an investigation into the region and submit a report. Judge A. J. Moffat of the Sadar Civil Court was given the responsibility. Milch arrived in Shivsagar that year and visited the area and conducted surveys in various districts and submitted his report in late Important This report is known as the Milch Report. This report provides detailed information on land settlement, revenue system, tax assessment criteria, judicial system, population pattern, means of communication, educational facilities, factory products etc. of Goalpara, Kamrup, Darang, Nagaon, Sibsagar and Lakhimpur.
(d) Jorhat Public Meeting
The city of Jorhat became the center of socio-political activities . The 1884 Jorhat Public Assembly was founded on the initiative of Jagannath Barua. Jagannath Barua was the son of a tea farmer and received his higher education at Presidency College, Calcutta. He was inspired by the relatives, the Bengal British Indian Society, the Patriots' Association and other organizations active in Calcutta. There were three main objectives of the Jorhat Public Meeting:
1. Representing the aspirations of the people to the government.
2. Explain government policies to the public.
3. To improve the social conditions of the people.
The founding president of the society was Raja Nar Narayan Singh and the secretary was Jagannath Barua.
(e) Swadeshi Movement
Answer: The movement for the partition of Bengal in the Brahmaputra Valley was mainly confined to urban and suburban areas. The protesters called for the boycott of foreign products and adoption of domestic products. In the cities of Assam, people abandoned the salt made in Liverpool, England, and began to use salt; Instead of sugar made abroad, they used sugar produced in Varanasi; Home-spun fabrics were used instead of fabrics made in European textiles. The chief priest of the Kamakhya temple advised against using pandas and foreign goods in the shops. In such an environment, shops and lights of indigenous people were established in the state and the process of buying and selling indigenous goods began. Ambikagiri Raichowdhury, together with Govind Lahiri, tried to popularize the concept of Swadeshi among the student community. In 1905, Mukunda Das, a famous playwright from Bengal, performed patriotic songs and plays to spread the message of the Swadeshi Movement among the audience of Guwahati.
(f) Non-cooperation movement
After the call of the Non-Cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, Ganga Govind Barua, Taraprasad Chaliha, Ghanshyam Barua and Chandradhar Barua demanded that the Assam Association withdraw from the Non-Cooperation Movement to resolve the local issues through negotiations with the British stood in favor of joining the movement. In December 1920, the Assam Association's Resources Conference held at Tezpur decided to follow the directives issued by the National Congress in the Non-Cooperation Movement in favor of Swaraj. Thus, the Assam Association had to give up its distinct identity by participating in the mainstream anti-British political movement. The Assam Provincial Congress Committee was formed in June 1921 and its scope of work was limited to the districts of the Brahmaputra Valley. The 1990s were a time of great change for the country, and the 1990s were a time of great change for the country. The 1990s were a time of great change for the country.
(g) Breach of the Loan Act
Answer: Gandhi formed a new Satyagraha against the tax imposed by the British on salt. In parallel with the lawless movement of the 1930s, he launched the 'Loan Satyagraha' known as the Dandi Yatra. As part of this Satyagraha, Gandhi marched to Dandi from 12 March to 6 April They arrived in Dandi on 6 April 1930 after traveling for 25 consecutive days and covering a distance of about 385 kilometers (241 miles). It was here that Gandhi challenged the government by preparing loans himself in opposition to the Loan Act. Thus, Gandhi violated the Loan Act.
(h) Round Table Conference
Answer: In 1930, the report of the Simon Commission was published. The report did not mention the granting of full Swaraj to India. Viceroy Irwin advocated a round table to discuss the issue of full Swaraj. The first Round Table Conference was held in London in November 1930 and was attended by a small number of Indian delegates. It became clear that it was pointless for the British to talk about giving constitutional rights to India without the Congress. This is why the Viceroy ordered the release of Gandhiji and other Congress leaders from jail.
The Gandhi-Arwin Agreement was signed in May 1931 and the people of the country reacted to it. This is because Mahatma Gandhi failed to overturn the death sentences of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev.
(i) Gopinath Bardoli
Gopinath Bardoloi (6 June 1890–5 August 1950) was the first Chief Minister of independent Assam and an active worker in the freedom struggle of India . In politics, he was a supporter of Mahatma Gandhi's policy of non-violence. He was awarded the popular title of Jairam Das Daulatram, the then Governor of Assam, for his contribution to Assam and the Assamese.
(j) Tribal politics in the plains
Answer: From the 1960s, there was a tendency towards movement among the tribes of the plains, especially the Boro people. The 1946 Sadao Assam Bhaiyam Tribal League was formed. After independence, the people of the plains also tried to organize themselves to fulfill their aspirations. The tribes of the plains were also eager to enjoy the democratic rights and benefits of the Sixth Schedule provided by the Constitution but they felt that the government had neglected to fulfill their aspirations. After the three Assembly elections held after independence, upper caste representatives played an influential role in the cabinet.
(k) Language movement
In the 1960s, the situation became tense over the existence of the Assamese language in Assam. According to the 1951 census, Assamese speakers made up 75% of the population, but the Assam Sahitya Sabha and the Assamese middle class expressed doubts that their linguistic identity might be challenged by non-Assamese, creating an atmosphere of ethnic conflict. The student community took an active role in the language movement. Finally, the media movement subsided only after the recognition of Assamese as the medium of instruction in six districts of the Brahmaputra Valley. In 1972, a major movement was launched to use Assamese as a medium of instruction at undergraduate and graduate levels .
(l) Assam Movement.
Answer: The Assam Movement is the movement of the Assamese people against illegal immigrants from 1979 to It is considered to be one of the most powerful movements in independent India. The 1990s were a time of great change for the country , and the 1990s were a time of great change for the country .
(d) The Battle of Pathrughat.
On 28 January 1894, the British opened fire on the protesting peasants at Pathrughat, about 16 km west of Mangaldai town in Darang district of Assam, while they were protesting against the increase in land rent . The rebellion at Pathrughat is known as the Battle of Pathrughat.
3. Discuss the terms and outcome of the Treaty of Yandaboo.
The Treaty of Yandabu contained several important conditions and had a profound impact on Assam and the neighboring states.
At the beginning of the Anglo-Burmese War, the East India Company expressed its desire to liberate Assam from the Manchuria and return to the Ahoms to fulfill British imperialist aspirations in Southeast Asia, competition for the throne among representatives of the Ahom dynasty He made a treaty with the king of Burma without any conversation with the representatives of the dynasty and decided the future of Assam. The terms of this treaty are as follows:
(1) Lasting peace and friendly relations shall be maintained between Burma and the East India Company.
(2) the regions of Assam, Manipur and Arakan came under the rule of the East India Company; He also agreed to stop the behavior of the king of Avar against the Kachari kingdom and the Jaintia kingdom.
(3) The Manchu kings agreed to pay one million pounds to the East India Company as compensation for the war.
(4) Permission was granted to keep diplomatic representatives of the East India Company in Abha, the capital of Burma.
Although Assam was ceded to the East India Company under Condition No. 2 of the Treaty, the matter was not explicitly mentioned in the Treaty of Yandabu. Article 2 of the treaty stated, 'The king of Avar withdraws his claim to the kingdom of Assam and shall not interfere in the future with this kingdom and its dependent kingdoms as well as the neighboring petty kingdoms of Kachar and Jaintia.
Outcome of the Treaty of Yandabu: The political decisions taken by the East India Company in the case of Kachar, Jaintia, Manipur and Assam as a result of this treaty are noteworthy. The Company granted the authority to rule the two kingdoms of Kachar and Jaintia to Raja Govinda Chandra and Raja Ram Singh but refrained from granting such authority to the Ahom representatives.
Kachar: King Govind Chandra of Kachar paid an annual contribution of Rs. 10,000 to the Company and accepted British interference in the internal administration of Kachar.
Jaintia: Although King Ram Singh of Jaintia did not have to pay an annual contribution like Kachar, he promised to assist the British Government in its military operations and had to follow the advice of the Governor General Council in conducting the internal administration of the state.
Manipur: The British policy was somewhat different in the case of Manipur. During the Anglo-Burmese War, the British expressed doubts about the loyalty of King Gambhir Singh of Manipur, but his role in expelling the Mankas from Kachar and Manipur was commendable. This is perhaps why, although the British recognized Gambhir Singh as the king of Manipur through the Treaty of Yandabu, this treaty did not specify the future relationship between Burma and Sambhir Singh. The report sent by Major Barney, the British representative in Abha, stated that Burma would not claim sovereignty over Manipur in the future. However, he wanted to reclaim the Kab Valley captured by Gambhir Singh from Burma during the war. The British agreed, as the British government thought it could convince Gambhir Singh to settle the matter.
4. The Briefly state the causes of the Anglo-Burmese War.
In November 1823 , David Scott was appointed as the Governor-General's agent for the North-East Frontier along with the duties of Commissioner of Rangpur. After considering several reports sent by David Scott, the Council of Governors General of the East India Company decided to punish Manman severely and expel him from Assam. The Mane incursions into Arakan, Assam and Kachar were considered to be a warlike atmosphere between the East India Company and Burma and in 1824 the East India Company declared war against Burma.
A British army led by Lieutenant Colonel Neil Richard advanced into the Brahmaputra Valley and captured Rangpur. The Mans were also driven out of Kachar and Manipur. At the same time, the British army launched military campaigns against the Mans in Arakan, Tenasserim, Pegu and southern Burma, causing heavy losses to Burma. Mingimaha Bandula died in April 1825 and in 1826 Mane failed to build the necessary resistance against the British army. The main British army, led by General Archibald Campbell, reached Yandabu, a village near Ava, the capital of Burma. The Man king Ba-gi-dao was forced to offer a treaty to the British. The historic Treaty of Yandabu was signed on 24 February 1826 between Manraja Ba-Gi-Dao and General Archibald Campbell.
5. Who is Purandar Singh? Prepare notes on the rule of Purandara Singh.
Puranda Singh ( 1818–19 , 1833–1838) was the last king of the Ahom kingdom of Assam. He was made king twice. The first time was in 1818 when Chandrakant Singh was deposed and Ruchinath Buragohain made him king. In 1819, Mane invaded Assam for the second time, defeated the Ahom army and restored Chandrakant Singh to the throne.
Puranda Singh, with the help of the British, continued to try to remove the Manks with Ruchinath Buragohain. After the First Anglo-Burmese War , the British East India Company liberated Assam from the Manchuria. The British administration, seeing the difficulty of ruling in an unfamiliar place and the dissatisfaction of the local people with the foreign administration, decided to hand over part of southern Assam to an Ahom prince. In April 1833, when Puranda Singh was elected, the whole of southern Assam except Shadia and Matak was formally handed over to him. In return, Purandar Singh undertook to pay a tax of Rs. 50,000 per annum. In 1833, the British seized the kingdom of Puranda Singh, who did not pay taxes regularly, and ended the 600-year rule of the Ahom dynasty .
6. Explain the causes of the Phulguri peasant uprising.
In 1861 , the peasants of Phulguri area of Nagaon district held a revolt against the British rent policy. In 1860, the British government banned the cultivation of sugarcane and such a decision of the government destroyed the domestic economy of the tribal people especially in the Phulguri region as well as elsewhere in Assam. This area had the highest number of Kani eaters in the province. The peasants resented the ban on cane cultivation as an unwarranted interference by the British in the social customs and habits of the people. It was during this time that farmers were warned by news that the British government was preparing to impose a tax on licences. The farmers of the Tiwa and Kachari ethnic groups in the Phulguri area revolted after believing the false news that the British would impose a separate tax on their houses and coconuts. On 17 September 1861, about 1,000 peasants protested against the British tax policy in Sagar, Nagaon.
Deputy Commissioner Scon'che failed to pacify the peasants and a group of Rayates forcibly entered his office. For such so-called illegal activities, the Deputy Commissioner arrests and fines farmers who enter his office. Four weeks after the incident, farmers staged another protest against the ban on cannabis cultivation and other taxes. The farmers decided not to pay the tax and called a rice meeting to decide their future course of action. It was decided to hold the rice meals for five days so that farmers from far and wide could participate in the rice meals.
On the first day of the rally, the Deputy Commissioner sent a police force to arrest the peasant leaders and dispersed the 1,000 peasants gathered. The raiyat ignored the government order and the daroga was forced to withdraw the police force. The Deputy Commissioner sent Lieutenant Singer to Phulguri with police force to control the situation. More than 3,000 farmers had already gathered in Phulguri with sixty-jongs. Singer issued orders for the farmers to withdraw. The angry farmers killed Singar and drowned him in the Kalang River. Finally, the Deputy Commissioner himself came and brought the situation under control.
The peasant uprising in Phulguri was not pre-planned. The rebellion was attended by Tiwa and Kachari peasants as well as peasants from other communities. The Deputy Commissioner's unnecessary intervention only sparked deep-rooted anger among the farmers. The Phulguri peasant uprising paved the way for a series of peasant uprisings in Assam.
7. Discuss the Bengal Breakup Plan and its results.
Answer: The Bengal Breakup Plan: The Bengal Breakdown Plan was an attempt to divide the heartland of Indian nationalism, Bengal, and make Hindu Bengalis and intellectuals a minority in both the states. Lord Curzon's objective was to strengthen British imperialism. With this objective in mind, they wanted to cripple the politically conscious Hindu Bengalis through the partition of Bengal and hinder the development of nationalism.
8. How did the Montague-Samsford Reforms affect Assam?
Answer: The outbreak of World War I disrupted the constitutional reform process. Food shortages, price increases, and epidemics exacerbated the situation in the province. In India, the demand for constitutional rights is stronger than ever. In such circumstances, the British Secretary of State, E.H. Montague decided to visit India to personally assess the political situation in the country. Accompanied by the Viceroy Lord Samsford, Montague visited various representatives of the society during his visit to India. The Montagu-Samsford reforms are mainly interested in the phased introduction of self-governing institutions in India. While some in the Congress party welcomed the reforms, others emphasized the early introduction of self-government.
It was not clear whether Assam would be included in the Montague Samsford Reform Plan. This issue caused strong disagreement between Chief Commissioner Bitson Bell, the European community in Assam and other socio-political organisations. The Assam Association tasked Nabin Chandra Bardoloi to inform the Parliamentary Committee in Calcutta about the inclusion of Assam in the reform scheme. When the proposed Montague-Samsford Reform Bill was introduced in the British Parliament in May 1919, Nabin Chandra Bardoloi and Prasanna Kumar Barua represented Assam in the Indian delegation. The British Parliament did not approve the demand for autonomy of the Indian delegation, but due to the efforts of the two delegates sent by the Assam Association, Assam was eventually included in the reform plan.
The Swadeshi and Home Rule movements, revolutionary activities, contemporary world events and brilliant speeches of Gokhale, Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal etc. inspired political consciousness among the youth. In 1916, the Assam Students Conference was formed as a result of this awareness. The organization was later renamed the Assam Chhatra Sammelan. The newly formed student organization was apolitical but it gave birth to leaders like Chandranath Sharma, Ami Kumar Das, Hemchandra Barua, Padmadhar Chaliha and later led the anti-British struggle.
9. What is the Jaliwanwala Bengal massacre?
On 13 April 1919, a mass meeting was held at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest against the Rawlat Act. While the meeting was going on, suddenly, on the orders of General Zayar, the security forces started firing mercilessly on the helpless, unarmed people. As a result, many people died. This brutal incident is known as the Jaliwanwala Bagh massacre. In protest against the assassination, Rabindranath Tagore renounced the title of Knight awarded to him by the British government.
10. Write about the role of students in the lawless movement.
Answer: Although the people of Assam responded fully to Gandhiji's call, the Assam Provincial Congress leadership expressed the view that Assam was not ready to launch a lawless movement. Tarun Ram Fukan opposed the lawless movement and Rohini Kumar Chowdhury and Nabin Chandra Bardoloi did not encourage the movement. However, Bishnuram Medhi, Hemchandra Barua, Siddhi Nath Sharma, Ambikagiri Roy Chowdhury and others expressed their support for the movement but they had difficulty in preparing the Congress volunteers for the lawless movement due to lack of funds. There were no salt mines in Assam and it was not possible to violate the Salt Act in the state.
The lawless movement did not have much impact on the student community. However, in May 1930, the circular announced by Director of Education J.R. Cunningham alarmed the student body. According to the Cunningham Circular, students in Pathar must have their parents and guardians inform the government in writing that they will not participate in any political activities in educational institutions. Any student who participates in sit-ins, hartals and other political activities or disobeyed the school authorities will be fined and canceled their scholarships and hostel seats.
Students who commit more offenses will be expelled from school. The Cunningham Circular caused a strong reaction in the Brahmaputra and Barak Valleys. The students prepared to take to the streets against such insulting circulars. The circular was issued by the Assam Chhatra Sammelan in Guwahati. The circular was issued by the Assam Chhatra Sammelan in Guwahati. The students decided to block government educational institutions. According to official data, 15,186 students dropped out of school between July and August The students also blocked liquor shops and candy shops. In response to the student agitation, the farmers also demanded a 50% reduction in land rent. Forest laws are violated in various places. They burned government schools and called for non-payment of chowkidari taxes.
11. Explain the contribution of women in the freedom movement of Assam.
In response to Mahatma Gandhi's call to women to participate in the Non-Cooperation Movement during his visit to Assam, thousands of Assamese women chanted slogans like 'Jai Gandhi Maharaj' and 'Vande Mataram' Gandhi considered women as symbols of courage, intelligence and indomitable strength. Women participated in protests alongside men and became fighters of the freedom struggle. However, initially, few women participated in the non-cooperation movement due to social conservatism. These included Bidyutprabha Devi, Girija Devi, Hemant Kumari Devi, Nalinibala Devi, Pushpalata Das, Guneshwari Nath, Chandraprabha Shaikia and others. These women leaders went to villages and organized ordinary women to join the anti-British movement.
Gandhi's call touched not only wealthy women but also women from the common classes of society. For example, Mangri Mem or Malti, a female worker in Lalmati tea estate in Darang. This ordinary female worker was killed by the tea owners for picketing the ban on liquor in the tea plantations. Mangri Mem was the first unrecognized martyr of the Non-Cooperation Movement. Bhanumati Talukdar of Garaimari village in Kamrup district became known as 'Voluntiar Bai' and Mahatma Gandhi called her 'Sarojni of Assam' for leaving her home and gardens to take up the responsibility of a full-time Congress worker. Pramila Medak, a Miching woman from Golaghat, did not leave the non-cooperation movement despite being expelled by the Miching community for participating in the freedom movement.
During the Non-Cooperation Movement, a hartal was observed in Assam as well as in the country against the visit of the Prince of Wales to India. The British government took three measures to prevent the strike:
(1) He gave special privileges and honors to some influential leaders.
(2) They tried to counter the movement by repressive measures.
(3) He spread the poisonous vapor of communalism among the people of the country and created division between Hindus and Muslims.
12. Discuss the impact of the Cabinet Mission in Assam.
Answer: With the intention of withdrawing from India, the British sent a Cabinet Mission to India in March 1946 with plans to form a national government and draft a Constitution. The mission consisted of three members: Secretary of the Interior Pathick Lawrence, President of the Board of Trade Stafford Cripps and First Lord of Admiration, AV. Alexander. The Cabinet Mission rejected the demand for a separate Pakistan and proposed three groupings for a unified India.
The three groupings are:
(1) Madras, Bombay, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central Provinces and Orissa.
(2) Punjab, North-West Frontier Province and Indus Province.
(3) Bengal and Assam.
Each grouping will meet separately to draft a separate constitution. There will be a common center for all three proppings comprising the Ministries of Defence, External Affairs and Communications. After the first general election, a province can withdraw from the grouping it belongs to if it wishes and demand changes in every area and the Union Constitution after ten years. There was a difference of opinion between the Congress and the League over groups or proopings. The Congress and the League explained the Cabinet mission in their respective positions. The Cabinet Mission proposal, on the other hand, did not clarify whether the grouping system was mandatory or not.
The Assam Pradesh Congress protested against the grouping system of the Cabinet Mission. If Assam is annexed to Bengal, the state's identity will be lost and it will become the seeds of the Muslim League's political chess game. Gopinath Bardoloi sent his two colleagues Vijay Chandra Bhagwati and Mahendra Mohan Chowdhury to Srirampur to meet Gandhiji to inform him of the whole matter . Several other Congress leaders like Hareshwar Goswami, Devkant Barua, Hareshwar Nath Barua, Pushpalata Das and others had to travel to Patna, Calcutta and Delhi to meet the leadership of the All India Congress Committee against the grouping system. Gopinath Bardoloi passed a resolution in the Assam Assembly opposing the grouping system of Cabinet Missions.
On 2 September 1946, the British called for the formation of an interim government led by Nehru. Mohammad Ali Jinnah threatened direct struggle to oppose such a proposal and began chanting the slogan 'Ladke Lange Pakistan' Jinnah's provocative calls created communal tension in the country. There were widespread communal clashes in Calcutta, Punjab and Noakhali. The League continued its program of direct struggle to its part in the interim government. The Congress demanded that the Muslim League stop its direct struggle or withdraw from the interim government. The League in turn demanded the dissolution of the Assembly. Attlee announced that the British would hand over power to India on 30 June 1948 and Lord Mountbatten was appointed Viceroy to replace Lord Wavell.
When Mountbatten came to India, the environment was not conducive to transfer. The Muslim League took a firm stand on Pakistan's demands. Mountbatten proposed the partition of India and to satisfy the Congress and the League, he planned to divide the Punjab and Bengal and decided to determine whether Sylhet should be with Assam by referendum. Thus, Mountbatten's proposal revealed the possibility of creating Pakistan. Mountbatten's Partition Proposal of 3 June stated that India would be granted independence on 15 August On 18 July 1947, the Queen signed the Independent India Bill. Mountbatten's proposal also ended the anti-grouping movement in Assam. A referendum was held in Sylhet on 6 and 7 July 1947 and after the results were announced, 56% of the people voted for joining India with Pakistan and 43% with undivided Assam. Thus, Sylhet district became part of East Pakistan. Cyril Radcliffe was entrusted with the task of demarcating the borders of East Pakistan and Assam.
On 15 August 1947, India achieved full Swaraj and ended its long struggle for independence. Assam is part of the United States of India. He was the first Chief Minister of Assam in independent India.
13. Describe the background of the Indo-Chinese War.
Assam was directly involved in the 1962 border war between China and India . When the Chinese troops occupied Bomdila and entered the old Darang district, senior officials of the district administration fled to Nagaon, Guwahati and other places, leaving behind the war-terrified civilians. The public criticized the administration's unwanted behaviour. After the Sino-Indian War, the unprecedented rise in food prices aroused the awareness of the student community and in 1964, students launched a major movement against the price hike. The Sino-Indian War prompted the Central Government to think about the military importance of the North East. This is why the Third Five Year Plan focused on the development of transport and communication systems in the North East. In addition to building many new roads and bridges, the railway department also built a new railway line to Murkancheleng in Nepal. The Sino-Indian War ended with the withdrawal of Chinese troops after the Sino-Indian One-Day War.
