Chapter 8
Exercise:
1. Write down the answers to the following questions:
(a) In which book is Assam called the ''land of larvae''?
Assam is described in the epic Ramayana as the land of larvae .
(b) What does 'cluster' mean?
Answer: Girls who did not know how to weave were called 'thupari' in Assamese society.
(c) The game of “Jola” was associated with which occupation during the reign of the Ahoms?
Answer: The game called Jola was associated with weaving during the Ahom dynasty.
(d) What is the name of the cloth that the wife cut and wove overnight to go to war during the Ahom reign?
Answer: During the reign of the Ahoms, the cloth woven by the wife overnight to go to war is called 'Kavach Kapar'
(e) What does it mean to 'spend gold'?
Answer: The method of producing gold and silver from river sand is called 'gold reduction' or 'gold-mining'
(f) What is 'multiple'?
Answer: 'Gunakatia' is a game.
(g) What is 'taken land'?
Answer: When the river floods in the rainy season, the water flow brings 'loa soil' or iron mixed soil from the mountains and floods the river in places. The soils taken during the dry season or mixed with iron ore are hardened by sediment falling on top of this chalk. This is called 'taken land'
(h) What is 'Dhekar'?
Answer: When both the upper and lower parts of an object made of iron are joined together, it is called a 'dhekar' For example, the palanquin.
(i) What is 'sure'?
Answer: A thick bang made of cane is called 'khatang' such as Raidang, Khalai, Bichani, etc.
2. Write a brief:
(a) Brass industry
There is not much information about the brass industry in old Assam . However, there are many uses of brass materials. There are many musical instruments of the pre-Ahom period such as barkah, kah, various rhythms, bells, nupurs, kinkini etc. Various brass objects are mentioned in the ancient Charyapadas, Kalika Purana, Yoginitantra and Madhava Kandali's Ramayana. Various brass items are also mentioned in the charts.
Brass industry flourished in medieval Assam and there were blacksmiths involved in brass industry in various regions. The blacksmiths of Assam mixed copper and dye to make brass. Sometimes they mixed silver. Brass vessels were mainly used as eating utensils in Assam during this period. Hajo, Sarthebari, Karanga and Tittaborn in Jorhat district became famous for making brass utensils.
(b) Copper Industry
Copper industry is also one of the ancient industries of Assam . There are various artifacts including copper plates of the kings of ancient Kamarupa mentioned in various texts. The roof of the Tamreshwari temple in ancient Shadia was made of copper. In pre-British Assam, copper urns, bhogjaras, sharais, samfuras, temas, various temple ritual utensils, etc. were widely used. In addition to pure copper furniture, craftsmen wrapped gold and silver jute on copper urns, bowls or other objects in special ways to reshape the objects. These craftsmen also used gold and silver in various copper objects.
In medieval Assam, copper was mainly collected from the nearby hill tribes. It is also said to have been brought from China. People skilled in vocational sports such as blacksmiths, blacksmiths and carpenters were involved in the copper industry.
(c) Brass Industry
Answer: It is believed that brass was used in Assam since ancient times. Brass was an important industry during the Ahom period. Brass tools were used almost everywhere during this period. They were made of brass and even the boxes of temples and shrines were made of brass. They were made of brass and made of brass. This important brass industry was developed during the Ahom dynasty by the brassmen of the Maria game.
Alloy brass was made by mixing zinc with copper. Brassmen cut, welded, melted, and ground brass to make various items. Various items were also made by making specific clay molds and pouring molten brass into them. Most of the tools used in the weaving shawls were also used in the brass shawls.
(d) The art of making la
Answer: La making was also an important industry in ancient Assam. In addition to collecting from the nearby hill people, la was also cultivated by raising 'la parua' on la trees during the Ahom reign. In addition to being used to make various paints last, la was also used to affix royal proclamations such as seals and subs. La is also needed to make molds for various metal utensils. There is a game called 'Lasungi' in the Ahom kingdom for the production of la .
(e) The art of making cotton
Answer: During the reign of the Ahoms, a substance called 'Rah' (mercury or mercury) was made to keep the water of small and large ponds sparkling. It is usually found that the 'rah' was made from the gum of the vine tree in a special way. The people who made the 'Rah' were under the supervision of an officer named 'Rasendra Barua' in the Ahom kingdom.
3. Discuss the weaving industry.
Answer: It is an extraordinary work of art by Assamese artisans. The names of the various tools made of bamboo or wood associated with the Assamese weaving mill are also works of art. The names of the various tools made of bamboo or wood associated with the Assamese weaving mill are also interesting. Weaving and spinning are called weaving together. For all Assamese women, weaving was a show of talent. The girl was gradually taught weaving and cutting by her mother, grandmother or other judge women in her own home. There are many examples of queens like Barja Phuleshwari Kunwari and Sarvaswari Kunwari teaching girls weaving in the capital of Rangpur.
There are many ways in which you can improve your self-confidence. There are many ways in which you can improve your self-confidence. Although weaving was done by all Assamese women, there were also two occupational sports called 'Tati' and 'Jola' which earned their livelihood by weaving. In addition to cotton-to-cotton fabrics, women of Assam wove three types of fabrics: eri, velvet and jute. Among these, jute-mejankari fabrics are fine, thin, beautiful and durable. Erie fabric is rough, warm and durable. Jute-mejankari cloths such as cholas, churiyas, mekhelas, rihas, chadars, gamochas were used by the upper classes of the society and cotton and eri cloths were used by all others. It was a matter of pride for every Assamese woman to give a flower gomocha or 'Bihuan' to others as well as to her family on the day of Bohag Bihu. There are many ways in which you can improve your ability to read and write. There are many ways in which you can improve your ability to read and write. There are many examples of these characters in the books of the Ahom kings.
4. The Discuss the method of gold mining in ancient Assam.
When the rivers erode the riverbed and throw sand on the other side, skilled goldsmiths go and examine the sand and if they find gold nuggets in the sand, they decide to camp there for gold mining or gold mining. Four goldsmiths who wanted to mine gold gathered together and made a total. These four pikes were called 'Pali' and their advisor 'Pati' Each group mined gold in a duruni. One of the four men in this shift digs sand, two carry sand by leheti and one washes gold.
They scrape down the sand slab selected for gold mining with a bamboo stick and lift the hard sand from the bottom onto a bamboo sheet and when they see gold flakes in the sand slab, they immediately build a nest next to the slab and start mining gold. First, the goldsmiths dug into the deep part of the stream. Small streams are filled with sand and large streams with garbage. When this is done, the water current flows over the sand layer to be mined and washes the top layer and removes the sand layer containing the gold nuggets. The goldsmiths then break the sand and carry it with a wooden stick and put it in a pot. The sand is poured into a bun placed on the wooden door.
Then one of them pours water from a broken bucket with one hand and shakes the sand with the other hand to clean the straw. While washing the sand, the lower well is filled with sand and water. Then, when it is isolated a little, the remaining straw slips out through the hole and the sand mixed with gold nuggets falls to the bottom of the distance. When the sand is washed for about fifty years, the Sonwals call it 'Shia'
A cotton ball is placed at the mouth of the hole in the hole and the gold-mixed sand is sprinkled with water from a bucket. Sprinkling water in this way removes the sand but the gold powder sticks to the cotton. The gold powder attached to the cotton is slowly removed and placed in a funnel. These gold powders are poured into a pot and water is mixed with mercury. When water is available, the gold powder binds to the mercury. Then the load is lifted, put in a snail shell, and heated over a fire of palm wood. As soon as the heat of the fire reaches the mercury, it evaporates, the snail shell becomes lime and the gold remains in the som part.
5. Discuss the forms of ancient Assam.
Answer: The use of silver is mentioned in copper plates of the ancient kingdom of Kamrup, Sanskrit and old Assamese literature, histories, character books etc. In old Assam, rivers like Dhansiri, Daigroung, Dayang, Dichai etc. were famous for 'rup khapa' or 'rup kamawa' The people of the Rupawal or Thengal game were engaged in silver production by collecting or reducing silver nuggets from the sand of these rivers . The method of 'silver reduction' or 'silver consumption' was almost identical to the method of gold reduction. The Silver Pikes were organized in groups of five or six to examine the river sand and mine silver on the spot if they found silver.
The leader of their party was called 'Dalai' and the rest 'Pali' Like gold mining, silver mining required tools such as wooden duruni, leheti, and wooden chariots. The Palis produced silver by digging sand, carrying sand with seheti, washing sand in wooden durunis and separating the silver nuggets .
6. Discuss the iron industry of ancient Assam.
Answer: 'Iron' or iron production was one of the major industries of ancient Assam. In ancient Assam, the people of Tirwal or Lo-Shalia were involved in the production of 'Iron' The iron mills were located in the southern part of the Naga Hills from Jaipur in southern Assam to Tirupahar and Bacha-Dayang in the undivided Shivsagar district, ie south of the Ahom city of Rangpur.
When the river floods in the rainy season, the water flow brings 'lowa mati' or iron mixed soil from the mountains and floods the river in places. The soils taken during the dry season or mixed with iron ore are hardened by sediment falling on top of this chalk. The iron pike finds out and digs out the soil and buries it in the hole. A group of iron-clad pikes consists of five Pali and one Oja. During the dry season, they take various tools, pour water into the buried soil in a large and deep hole and scrape it with their feet to separate the iron-shaped rough soil.
Then the iron shapes are placed in a hole under the roof of a spacious room, a fire is lit with a piece of wood, and the heat of the fire is increased by a stick. At one point, the nets begin to melt. The waves are thrown on the molten iron with the foam and the iron shapes become bridges and tie the load. The iron is then stirred with a mortar, cut with a fork, crushed with a stick or molded and flattened to form a piece of whole iron or ladder iron. When grinding frequently, the unwanted parts are removed from the iron piece and the clean piece comes out.
7. Write down what you know about the pottery of ancient Assam.
Answer: An ancient industry in Assam is called pottery. In old Asana, the 'Potters' were involved in the pottery industry. The Ahom kings developed the mat industry under the patronage of the kings. Similarly, the pottery industry flourished in the states of Koch, Kachari and Chutia under the patronage of the kings. Potters, diamond makers, miners, etc. were involved in the arts.
The clay used by the pottery for pottery was called 'pottery clay' This type of soil was usually collected from the bottom by digging sedimentary soils near stream estuaries. After collecting a large quantity of black-patterned clay, the clay was scraped well and inscribed on molds or clusters of various shapes to form beautiful vessels. Then the vessels were removed from the jug and mould, dried in the sun, placed on the 'pagshali' or 'peghali' and burnt in the fire of the pagshali.
Finally, the vessels were painted with a type of clay called 'rangan mati' to make them more attractive. The women did this beautifully. The diamonds did not use magic and wheels. The potters made round bamboo or wooden shapes and filled them with clay to make wheels. They also made molds called 'afri' or 'athali' from burnt clay and made various bowls and pots. The potters used tools such as chak, athali, afuri or afri, candle or majni, balia, pitni, pagshal or peghali in the pottery industry. In addition to pottery craftsmen such as potters, diamonds, etc., there was a class of occupational sports called 'khanikar' who made clay sculptures, dolls, etc. in medieval Assam. Earthenware included pots, jars, jugs, pots, bowls, pots, incense burners, utensils, etc.
Terracotta is an art that is carved on clay slabs and carved into temples and shrines. It is one of the pottery arts of medieval Assam. After the clay was dug, various idols, flowers, etc. were made while it was raw. It was the potters and miners who kept the industry alive. One of the pottery industries of ancient Assam was brick making. There is a brick-making pike game called 'Itasjia' in the Ahom Empire.
8. Discuss other arts of ancient Assam with the help of textbooks.
Answer: In pre-British Assam, fragrant frankincense was made from the cinnamon tree, fragrant kalai from the musk deer, fragrant agarwood perfume from the sachi tree, various spices from various trees and flowers. Gum producers Gum from various trees; Various types of 'poisons' such as big poison, egg poison, etc. were collected from the Michimi Hills, Bhutan, Tibet, etc. It is also said that fat snakes are tied with the leaves of the flower to collect their poison. Such poisons were used in the manufacture of medicines or in weapons. The people of the game called 'Bihia' were involved in the production and collection of poison.
Similarly, fiber products from various fibrous trees and forests; They make bars from the skins of the forests and oil from the worms of war and animal fat; leather made from the skins of animals; There are many different types of wooden structures from Kuhila, Maduri Ban, Patidai, etc.; They were used to make house skins, various types of japis, arwans, mattresses, boat and cattle carts, and various types of roofs.
In addition, cane battery oil mills for crushing soybeans to produce sweet oil; corn mills with iron beams for extracting corn juice and producing jaggery ; various weaving tools; making agricultural implements; a fire- generating device called 'tingiri' for catching fire ; There were industries in pre-British Assam that produced various items such as making various items from animal fur under the officer named Nomal Barua. Some of these arts have survived to this day, but most have been forgotten.
9. Who is the author of 'Geographical Sketches of Assam'?
The author of Geographical Sketches of Assam is John Peter Wade .
10. When did British rule begin in Assam?
Answer: British rule in Assam began in
11. What is the name of the first tea company in Assam?
The first tea company in Assam was called the Assam Tea Company.
12. The Tea Committee was formed during the reign of which Governor General?
The Tea Committee was formed during the reign of Governor General Lord William Bentinck .
13. When did systematic drilling of mineral oil start in Assam?
Systematic drilling of mineral oil was started in Assam in 1866 for the first time .
14. What is the scientific name of the tea tree of Assam?
Answer: The scientific name of the tea tree of Assam is Camellia Sinesis Var Assamica.
15. What is the name of the first petroleum company in Assam?
The first petroleum company in Assam was named A.S. O. C.S.
16. What important decision did Lord Delhousie make in 1853?
In 1853 , Lord Delhousie decided to highlight the political, social and commercial importance of railway transport in India.
17. When was the first railway opened in Assam?
The first railway line in Assam was opened in
18. Where was 'Arunodoi' published?
Answer: 'Arunodoi' was published by the Shivsagar Press.
19. Write a brief:
(a) Tea Industry
Answer: Small scale tea cultivation has achieved unprecedented success in the world renowned Assam tea industry. Small scale tea cultivation in Assam, which started in the late seventies, created a stir by initiating the Green Revolution with a dramatic progress of supplying about 33 per cent of the total tea production of the state in just three decades. In recent times, small scale tea cultivation in Assam has been transformed into an industry with massive expansion.
Small scale tea cultivation in Assam plays an important role in strengthening the foundation of the rural economy with an average production of about 480 million kg of raw leaf annually. It also collects thousands of crores of rupees in revenue for the Tea Board of India annually. According to the data available, there are currently 68,438 small tea farmers in the small tea industry covering an area of more than 1.5 lakh hectares in 19 districts of Assam. The production of raw leaves is also increasing annually which is a good sign for the development of small scale tea cultivation. Raw leaf production was 433 million kg in 2001 and 520 million kg in It is worth mentioning that more than 1.2 million employees and workers are directly and indirectly employed which clearly shows the real picture of small scale tea cultivation in Assam.
The addition of small scale tea cultivation to the Assam tea industry gave a new dimension towards further prosperity of the industry. However, it is also unexpected but very important for the industry that the reputation of Assam tea, which is in high demand in the international market, has deteriorated a few years ago.
(b) ARCC
Answer:
(c) Petroleum Industry
Answer: The oil industry also plays a significant role in the economy of Assam. In 1826, Captain Wilcox discovered the southwestern oil and coal fields of Shivsagar district. The oil industry was introduced during the Company's rule. There are currently four refineries in Assam at Digboi, Nunmati, Bangagaon and Numaligarh to refine the extracted mineral oil. The only one of these, the Digboi refinery, was established before independence.
The first systematic boring of mineral oil began in November The first phase of the campaign was unsuccessful. while a successful petroleum industry could not be established goodenough. The main difficulty was transportation. In the test oil extraction, it became clear that the Makum oil field would produce sufficient oil. The failure of the oil industry to achieve commercial success was largely due to the lack of proper transportation. The Assam Railway and Trading Company was granted oil exploration in Lakhimpur district in late In 1884, the ARTC began operations. The 25-year lease allowed the company to extract 10,400 barrels of oil over two years.
The company’s efforts were initially quite expensive. Despite this , the Board of Directors of the Company sought to re-lease an area of six square miles around Digboi. In 1892 the company acquired a 20-year lease of four square miles. The company had to pay a royalty of eight annas per hundred gallons of oil. The Bamer Lorry Company had already leased another field in Digboi on the same terms as an agent of the Assam Oil Syndicate. In 1888, RH Townsend (Superintendent of Balochistan Petroleum Works) conducted a survey of the Makum oil field on the direction of the Government of India. He saw the huge potential of the oil industry and gave a statement to the revenue department.
(d) H.B. Medlicot
Answer:
20. Prepare a note on the origin of petroleum industry in Assam.
Answer: The oil industry also plays a significant role in the economy of Assam. In 1826, Captain Wilcox discovered the southwestern oil and coal fields of Shivsagar district. The oil industry was introduced during the Company's rule. There are currently four refineries in Assam at Digboi, Nunmati, Bangagaon and Numaligarh to refine the extracted mineral oil. The only one of these, the Digboi refinery, was established before independence.
The first systematic boring of mineral oil began in November The first phase of the campaign was unsuccessful. while a successful petroleum industry could not be established goodenough. The main difficulty was transportation. In the test oil extraction, it became clear that the Makum oil field would produce sufficient oil. The failure of the oil industry to achieve commercial success was largely due to the lack of proper transportation. The Assam Railway and Trading Company was granted oil exploration in Lakhimpur district in late In 1884, the ARTC began operations. The 25-year lease allowed the company to extract 10,400 barrels of oil over two years. The company’s efforts were initially quite expensive. Despite this , the Board of Directors of the Company sought to re-lease an area of six square miles around Digboi. In 1892 the company acquired a 20-year lease of four square miles.
The company had to pay a royalty of eight annas per hundred gallons of oil. The Bamer Lorry Company had already leased another field in Digboi on the same terms as an agent of the Assam Oil Syndicate. In 1888, RH Townsend (Superintendent of Balochistan Petroleum Works) conducted a survey of the Makum oil field on the direction of the Government of India. He saw the huge potential of the oil industry and gave a statement to the revenue department.
Lord Ribblesdale, Chairman of the ARTC, was appointed Chairman of the Assam Oil Company. After the establishment of the headquarters and a large refinery at Digboi, the production of petroleum products like kerosene oil, waxes, lubricants etc. started. In 1911, the company produced 3,565,163 gallons of petrol.
21. Briefly write about the contribution of Baptist missionaries to Assamese language and literature.
Answer: The Christian missionaries made a significant contribution to modern Assamese language and literature. The missionaries wrote Assamese dictionaries and translations for the Assamese speaking people. There are many different types of characters in the film, but the most important one is the character of the heroine. The heroine is a character who is very charming and has a lot of characteristics.
22. Discuss the changes brought about by British rule in Assam.
After the establishment of British rule , the revenue collection system of Assam was in the form of rupees or currency. Before the British rule in Assam, there was no system of revenue collection in coins. However, the British collected land rent and other taxes in the form of money. This system made the condition of the Assamese subjects miserable.
