SHANDRASHEKHAR VENKAT RAMAN : THE PRIDE OF INDIN SCIENCE 
āϚāύ্āĻĻ্ā§°āĻļেāĻ–ā§° āĻ­েংāĻ•āϟ ā§°āĻŽāύ : āĻ­াā§°āϤী⧟ āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύ⧰ āĻ—ৌā§°ā§ą 


    Raman was bom on November 7, 1888, in a small village of Tamil Nadu, near Tirucharapalli. His father Mr. Chandrashekar Ayyar was a professor of Physics in a college in Vishakhapatnam. This was probably the reason of his keen interest in Physics from his school days. He passed his matriculation at the age of 11 and the intermediate examination at the age of 13. Then, he studied at Presidency College, Madras. On the very first day, when Professor E.S. Illiot came for his English poetry class, seeing this bright eyed young boy of 13 there, he asked, "What are you doing here in this class?" Raman replied, "Sir, I am a student of this class." And this first interaction with his teacher made Raman the most favourite student of Prof. Illiot.

ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§Ž āϚāύ⧰ ā§­ āĻ¨ā§ąেāĻŽ্āĻŦā§°āϤ āϤিā§°ুāϚ⧰াāĻĒāϞ্āϞীā§° āĻ“āϚ⧰⧰ āϤাāĻŽিāϞāύাāĻĄুā§° āĻāĻ–āύ āϏ⧰ু āĻ—াঁā§ąāϤ ā§°āĻŽāύ⧰ āϜāύ্āĻŽ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĒিāϤৃ āĻļ্ā§°ী āϚāύ্āĻĻ্ā§°āĻļেāĻ–ā§° āφāϝ়্āϝাā§° āĻŦিāĻļাāĻ–াāĻĒāϟ্āϟāύāĻŽā§° āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞāϝ়āϤ āĻĒāĻĻাā§°্āĻĨ āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύ⧰ āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ• āφāĻ›িāϞ। āϏ্āĻ•ুāϞীāϝ়া āĻĻিāύ⧰ āĻĒā§°াāχ āĻĒāĻĻাā§°্āĻĨ āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϤীāĻŦ্ā§° āφāĻ—্ā§°āĻšā§° āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ āĻšāϝ়āϤো āĻāχāϟোā§ąেāχ āφāĻ›িāϞ। ā§§ā§§ āĻŦāϛ⧰ āĻŦāϝ়āϏāϤ āĻŽেāϟ্ā§°িāĻ• āφ⧰ু ā§§ā§Š āĻŦāϛ⧰ āĻŦāϝ়āϏāϤ āχāύ্āϟাā§°āĻŽিāĻĄিāϝ়েāϟ āĻĒā§°ীāĻ•্āώাāϤ āωāϤ্āϤীā§°্āĻŖ āĻšāϝ়।āϤাā§° āĻĒিāĻ›āϤ, āĻŽাāĻĻ্ā§°াāϜ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°েāϚিāĻĄেāύ্āϏি āĻ•āϞেāϜāϤ āĻ…āϧ্āϝāϝ়āύ āϕ⧰ে। āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻিāύাāχ āϝেāϤিāϝ়া āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ• āχ. āχāϞিāϝ়āϟ āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āχংā§°াāϜী āĻ•āĻŦিāϤাā§° āĻ•্āϞাāϛ⧰ āĻŦাāĻŦে āφāĻšিāĻ›িāϞ, āϤাāϤ ā§§ā§Š āĻŦāϛ⧰ীāϝ়া āĻāχ āωāϜ্āϜ্āĻŦāϞ āϚāĻ•ুā§° āĻĄেāĻ•া āϞ'ā§°াāϟোāĻ• āĻĻেāĻ–ি āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϏুāϧিāĻ›িāϞ, "āφāĻĒুāύি āχāϝ়াāϤ āĻāχ āĻ•্āϞাāĻ›āϤ āĻ•ি āϕ⧰ি āφāĻ›ে?" ā§°āĻŽāĻŖে āωāϤ্āϤ⧰ āĻĻিāϞে, "āĻ›াā§°, āĻŽāχ āĻāχ āĻļ্ā§°েāĻŖীā§° āĻ›াāϤ্ā§°।" āφ⧰ু āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻļিāĻ•্āώāϕ⧰ āϏৈāϤে āĻāχ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āφāĻĻাāύ-āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ⧰ āĻĢāϞāϤ ā§°āĻŽāύāĻ• āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ• āχāϞিāϝ়āϟ⧰ āφāϟাāχāϤāĻ•ৈ āĻĒ্ā§°িāϝ় āĻ›াāϤ্ā§° āĻšৈ āĻĒā§°িāĻ›িāϞ।

    At the age of 15 Raman became a graduate in Physics and in this examination he obtained first position in the University. While doing his post graduation in Physics he also started his research work. Though India was in the clutches of British and there was no research facility available in the country, Raman could get his first research paper published in a philosophical magazine of London by the time he completed his post graduation.

ā§§ā§Ģ āĻŦāϛ⧰ āĻŦāϝ়āϏāϤ ā§°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻাā§°্āĻĨ āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύāϤ āϏ্āύাāϤāĻ• āĻšāϝ় āφ⧰ু āĻāχ āĻĒā§°ীāĻ•্āώাāϤ āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞāϝ়āϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āϞাāĻ­ āϕ⧰ে। āĻĒāĻĻাā§°্āĻĨ āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύāϤ āϏ্āύাāϤāĻ•োāϤ্āϤ⧰ āϕ⧰ি āĻĨাāĻ•োঁāϤে āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ—ā§ąেāώāĻŖাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻ•াāĻŽো āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­ āϕ⧰ে। āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ āĻ­াā§°āϤ āĻŦ্ā§°িāϟিāϛ⧰ āĻ•āĻŦāϞāϤ āφāĻ›িāϞ āφ⧰ু āĻĻেāĻļāϤ āĻ—ā§ąেāώāĻŖাā§° āĻ•োāύো āϏুāĻŦিāϧা āύাāĻ›িāϞ, āϤāĻĨাāĻĒিāĻ“ ā§°āĻŽāύে āϏ্āύাāϤāĻ•োāϤ্āϤ⧰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূā§°্āĻŖ āϕ⧰াā§° āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϞৈāĻ•ে āϞāĻŖ্āĻĄāύ⧰ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĻাā§°্āĻļāύিāĻ• āφāϞোāϚāύীāϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽāĻ–āύ āĻ—ā§ąেāώāĻŖা āĻĒāϤ্ā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻ›িāϞ।


    Compton was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1927 for his discovery of Compton Effect. According to Compton Effect, the frequency of X-rays change as they pass through a material. This change in frequency is material specific. It struck Raman and he began to think, what happens to X-rays should also happen to light when it passes through a transparent medium. To test this hypothesis Raman designed and constructed his own apparatus at a meagre cost of just Rs. 200. Experimenting with it he discovered the effect which was later called as Raman Effect. It took Raman only four months of experimentation and he announced in a conference of scientistsin Bangalore about the discovery of Raman Effect. The discovery was so important that the British Government honoured him with the title of 'Sir' in 1929, and Nobel Prize was awarded to him in 1930 for it.

āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒāϟāύ āχāĻĢেāĻ•্āϟ āĻ†ā§ąিāώ্āĻ•াā§° āϕ⧰াā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে ⧧⧝⧍⧭ āϚāύāϤ āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒāϟāύে āύোāĻŦেāϞ āĻŦঁāϟা āϞাāĻ­ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒāϟāύ āχāĻĢেāĻ•্āϟ⧰ āĻŽāϤে āĻ•োāύো āĻĒāĻĻাā§°্āĻĨā§° āĻŽাāϜেā§°ে āĻĒাā§° āĻšৈ āϝোā§ąাā§° āϞāĻ—ে āϞāĻ—ে āĻāĻ•্āϏ-ā§°েā§° āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒাāĻ™্āĻ• āϏāϞāύি āĻšāϝ়। āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒাāĻ™্āĻ•āϤ āĻāχ āĻĒā§°িā§ąā§°্āϤāύ āĻŦāϏ্āϤুāĻ—āϤ āύিā§°্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ। āχ ā§°āĻŽāύāĻ• āĻ–ুāύ্āĻĻা āĻŽাā§°িāϞে āφ⧰ু āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ­াāĻŦিāĻŦāϞৈ āϧ⧰িāϞে, āĻāĻ•্āϏ-ā§°েā§° āĻ•ি āĻšāϝ় āĻĒোāĻšā§°ā§° āϞāĻ—āϤো āĻš’āĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে āϝেāϤিāϝ়া āχ āĻāϟা āϏ্āĻŦāϚ্āĻ› āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽā§° āĻŽাāϜেā§°ে āĻĒাā§° āĻšৈ āϝাāϝ়। āĻāχ āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύ āĻĒā§°ীāĻ•্āώা āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ ā§°āĻŽāύে āĻŽাāϤ্ā§° ā§Ģā§Ļ āϟāĻ•াā§° āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻ–ā§°āϚāϤ āύিāϜাāĻ•ৈ āĻāϟা āϝāύ্āϤ্ā§°ā§° āĻĄিāϜাāχāύ āφ⧰ু āύিā§°্āĻŽাāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļ) āχāϝ়াā§° āϏৈāϤে āĻĒā§°ীāĻ•্āώা-āύিā§°ীāĻ•্āώা āϕ⧰ি āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϏেāχ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ­াā§ą āĻ†ā§ąিāώ্āĻ•াā§° āϕ⧰ে āϝাāĻ• āĻĒিāĻ›āϞৈ ā§°āĻŽāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ­াā§ą āĻŦুāϞি āĻ•োā§ąা āĻšāϝ়। ā§°āĻŽāύāĻ• āĻŽাāϤ্ā§° āϚাā§°ি āĻŽাāĻš āĻĒā§°ীāĻ•্āώা āϞাāĻ—িāĻ›িāϞ āφ⧰ু āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύীāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻāĻ–āύ āϏāύ্āĻŽিāϞāύāϤ āĻŦাংāĻ—াāϞুā§°ুāϤ ā§°āĻŽāύ āχāĻĢেāĻ•্āϟ⧰ āĻ†ā§ąিāώ্āĻ•াā§°ā§° āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āϘোāώāĻŖা āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāχ āĻ†ā§ąিāώ্āĻ•াā§° āχāĻŽাāύেāχ āĻ—ুā§°ুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূā§°্āĻŖ āφāĻ›িāϞ āϝে ⧧⧝⧍⧝ āϚāύāϤ āĻŦ্ā§°িāϟিāĻ› āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ে āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• ‘āĻ›াā§°’ āωāĻĒাāϧিā§°ে āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύ āϜāύাāχāĻ›িāϞ, āφ⧰ু āχāϝ়াā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§Ļ āϚāύāϤ āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āύোāĻŦেāϞ āĻŦঁāϟা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।

Like many other great men, Raman also used to love children very much. He was often seen playing, telling stories and doing scientific activities with them. He breathed his last in the morning of 21 November, 1970. His mortal body is not with us today, but his ideas and works will inspire our generations in future. Let us hope that many scientists follow his foot prints and bring laurels to India.

āφāύ āĻŦāĻšুāϤো āĻŽāĻšাāĻĒুā§°ুāώ⧰ āĻĻā§°ে ā§°āĻŽāĻŖেāĻ“ āφāĻ—āϤে āϞ’ā§°া-āĻ›োā§ąাāϞীāĻ• āĻŦāĻšুāϤ āĻ­াāϞ āĻĒাāχāĻ›িāϞ। āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āĻĒ্ā§°াāϝ়ে āĻ–েāϞা-āϧূāϞা āϕ⧰া, āĻ•াāĻšিāύী āĻ•োā§ąা āφ⧰ু āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āϏৈāϤে āĻŦৈāϜ্āĻžাāύিāĻ• āĻ•াāĻŽ-āĻ•াāϜ āϕ⧰া āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ—ৈāĻ›িāϞ। ⧧⧝⧭ā§Ļ āϚāύ⧰ ⧍⧧ āĻ¨ā§ąেāĻŽ্āĻŦā§°ā§° ā§°াāϤিāĻĒুā§ąা āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻļেāώ āύিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āϞৈāĻ›িāϞ।āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻŽā§°্āϤ্āϝāϞোāϕ⧰ āĻļā§°ীā§°āϟো āφāϜি āφāĻŽাā§° āϞāĻ—āϤ āύাāχ, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϧাā§°āĻŖা āφ⧰ু āϕ⧰্āĻŽāχ āφāĻŽাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϜāύ্āĻŽāĻ• āĻ­ā§ąিāώ্āϝāϤে āĻ…āύুāĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖিāϤ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ। āφāĻļা āϕ⧰োঁ āĻŦāĻšু āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύীāϝ়ে āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻ­ā§°িā§° āĻ›াāĻĒ āĻ…āύুāϏ⧰āĻŖ āϕ⧰ি āĻ­াā§°āϤāϞৈ āϞ’ā§°েāϞ āφāύিāĻŦ।




A. Complete the following sentences in your own words:-
āϤāϞāϤ āĻĻি⧟া āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϏāĻŽূāĻš āύিāϜ⧰ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻā§°ে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূā§°্āĻŖ āϕ⧰া: 

i. Why the British Government honoured Raman with the title of 'Sir' ?
āĻŦ্ā§°িāϟিāĻ› āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ে āĻ•ি⧟ ā§°āĻŽāύāĻ• 'Sir' āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ?
Ans: The British Government honoured Raman with the title of 'Sir' because of his discovery of Raman effect.
āĻŦ্ā§°িāϟিāĻ› āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ে ā§°āĻŽāύāĻ• āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° ā§°āĻŽāύ āχāĻĢেāĻ•্āϟ⧰ āĻ†ā§ąিāώ্āĻ•াā§°ā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে  'Sir' āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ ৷

ii. Raman's ideals and works will inspire our generations to come so  that they can follow his footsteps and bring laurels to India. 
(ā§°āĻŽāύ⧰ āφāĻĻā§°্āĻļ āφ⧰ু āĻ•াāĻŽā§° āĻĒā§°া āφāϜিā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϜāύ্āĻŽāχ āĻ…āύুāĻĒ্ā§°েā§°āĻŖা āϞাāĻ­ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āφ⧰ু āĻ­াā§°āϤāĻŦā§°্āώāϞৈ āĻ—ৌā§°ā§ą āĻ•ā§ি⧟াāχ āφāύিāĻŦ ৷) 

iii. Raman could get his first research paper published in London  because there were no research facilities available in India at that time.
(ā§°āĻŽāύে āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—ā§ąেāώāĻŖাāĻĒāϤ্ā§°āĻ–āύ āϞāĻŖ্āĻĄāύ⧰ āĻĒā§°া āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āϞāĻ—া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ āĻ­াā§°āϤāϤ āϏেāχ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāϤ āĻ—ā§ąেāώāĻŖাā§° āĻ•োāύোāϧ⧰āĻŖā§° āϏুāĻŦিāϧা āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦ্āϧ āύাāĻ›িāϞ ৷) 

iv. Raman's mortal body is not with us today but his ideals and works will inspire our generation in future.
(ā§°āĻŽāύ āĻļাā§°ীā§°িāĻ•āĻ­াā§ąে āφāĻŽাā§° āĻŽাāϜāϤ āύাāĻĨাāĻ•িāϞেāĻ“ āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āφāĻĻā§°্āĻļ āφ⧰ু āϕ⧰্āĻŽāχ āύāϤুāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āϜāύ্āĻŽāĻ• āĻ…āύুāĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖিāϤ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ।)

B. Answer the following:-
āϤāϞāϤ āĻĻি⧟াāϏāĻŽুāĻšā§° āωāϤ্āϤ⧰ āĻĻি⧟া:-

a) When and where was Raman born? 
ā§°āĻŽāύ⧰ āϜāύ্āĻŽ āĻ•েāϤি⧟া āφ⧰ু āĻ•'āϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ?
Ans: Raman was born on November 7, 1888, in a small village of Tamil Nadu, near Tirucharapalli.
ā§°āĻŽāύ⧰ āϜāύ্āĻŽ ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§ŽāϚāύ⧰ āĻ¨ā§ąেāĻŽ্āĻŦā§°ā§° ā§­ āϤাā§°িāĻ–ে āϤাāĻŽিāϞāύাāĻĄুā§° āϤিā§°ুāϚাā§°াāĻĒāϞ্āϞী āύাāĻŽে āϏ⧰ু āĻ—াāĻ“ঁāĻ–āύāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ ৷ 

b) What was the reason of his keen interest in Physics? 
āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĒāĻĻাā§°্āĻĨāĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻ­াā§ąি āφāϕ⧰্āώিāϤ āĻšোā§ąাā§° āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ āĻ•ি āφāĻ›িāϞ?
Ans: His father Mr. Chandrashekar Ay yar was a professor of Physics in a college in Vishakhapatnam. This was probably the reason of his keen interest in Physics.
āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĻেāωāϤাāĻ• āϚāύ্āĻĻ্ā§°āĻļেāĻ–ā§° āĻ†ā§Ÿাā§° āĻŦিāĻļাāĻ–াāĻĒāϟ্āϟāύāĻŽā§° āĻāĻ–āύ āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞ⧟āϤ āĻĒāĻĻাā§°্āĻĨāĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύ⧰ āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ• āφāĻ›িāϞ৷ āĻā§Ÿে āĻšā§ŸāϤো āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĒāĻĻাā§°্āĻĨāĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻ­াā§ąি āφāϕ⧰্āώিāϤ āĻšোā§ąাā§° āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ āφāĻ›িāϞ ৷ 

c) What is Compton Effect? 
āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒāϟāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ­াā§ą āĻ•ি?
Ans: According to Compton Effect, the frequency of X-rays change as they pass through a material. This change in frequency is material specific.
āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒāϟāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ­াā§ą āĻ…āύুāϏ⧰ি x-ray ā§°āĻļ্āĻŽিā§° āϤ⧰ংāĻ—āϏāĻŽুāĻš āĻ•োāύো āϧাāϤুā§° āĻŽাāϜেā§°ে āĻĒাā§° āĻš'āϞে āϤ⧰ংāĻ—āϏāĻŽুāĻšā§° āĻŦেāĻ—ā§° āϏāϞāύি āĻšā§Ÿ৷ āĻāχ āϏাāϞ āϏāϞāύি āϧাāϤু āĻ…āύুāϏ⧰ি āĻŦেāϞেāĻ— āĻš'āĻŦ āĻĒাā§°েে ৷ 

d) When and why was Raman given the Nobel Prize? 
ā§°āĻŽāύāĻ• āĻ•ি⧟ āφ⧰ু āĻ•েāϤি⧟া āύāĻŦেāϞ āĻŦāϟাঁ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ?
Ans: Raman was given Nobel Prize in the year 1930 for his crucial discovery of Raman effect.
ā§°āĻŽāύāĻ• ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§Ļ āϚāύāϤ āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° ā§°āĻŽāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ­াā§ąā§° āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻ†ā§ąিāώ্āĻ•াā§°ā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āύāĻŦেāϞ āĻŦāϟা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ ৷ 

e) Write briefly about Raman's love towards children.
ā§°āĻŽāύ⧰ āĻļিāĻļুāϏāĻ•āϞ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻĨāĻ•া āĻŽāύোāĻ­াā§ąā§° āĻŦিāώ⧟ে āϚāĻŽুāĻ•ৈ āϞিāĻ–া ৷
Ans: Raman was very much fond of children. He was often seen playing, telling stories and doing scientific activities with them.
āĻļিāĻļুāϏāĻ•āϞ ā§°āĻŽāύ⧰ āĻ…āϤি āĻĒ্ā§°ি⧟ āφāĻ›িāϞ৷āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āĻĒ্ā§°া⧟ে āĻļিāĻļুā§° āϏৈāϤে āĻ–েāϞা, āϏাāϧুāĻ•āĻĨা āĻ•োā§ąা āφ⧰ু āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻŦৈāϜ্āĻžাāύিāĻ• āĻ•াāĻŽ āφāĻĻি āϕ⧰া āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ—ৈāĻ›িāϞ ৷
Grammar and usage.  

1. Give opposite of the following words: 
āĻŦিāĻĒā§°িāϤ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āϞিāĻ–াঃ 
brilliant (āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ–ā§°) 
dull (āĻ­োāĻĻা) 
young (āϏ⧰ু)  
old (āĻĄাāϙ⧰) 
start (āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­) 
end (āϏāĻŽাāĻĒ্āϤ)
available (āωāĻ­ৈāύāĻĻী) 
unavailable (āĻ…āύুāĻĒāϞāĻŦ্āϧ) 
later (āĻĒাāĻ›āϤ) 
earlier (āφāĻ—āϤ) 
like (āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻ)
dislike (āĻ…āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻ) 
honour (āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύ) 
dishonour (āĻ…āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύ) 

2. Choose the correct words and fill in the blanks:  

a. Tulsidas lived during Akbar's __ (rain(āĻŦā§°āώুāĻŖ)/reign(āĻļাāϏāύ)) 
Ans: Tulsidas lived during Akbar's reign.
āϤুāϞāϏীāĻĻাāϏ āφāĻ•āĻŦā§°ā§° āĻļাāϏāύāĻ•াāϞāϤ āϜী⧟াāχ āφāĻ›িāϞ ৷ 

b. The ship set __ at dawn, (sail(āĻĻিāĻ™া āĻŽেāϞা/sale(āĻŦিāĻ•্ā§°ী āϕ⧰া)) 
Ans: The ship set sail at dawn.
āϜাāĻšাāϜāĻ–āύে āĻĻোāĻ•āĻŽোāĻ•াāϞিāϤে āĻĻিāĻ™া āĻŽেāϞি āĻĻিāϞে ৷ 

 c. Snakes live in __ (whole(āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূā§°্āĻŖ)/hole(āĻ—াāϤঁ))
Ans: Snakes live in hole.
āϏাāĻĒ āĻ—াāϤāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে ৷ 

d. Two and two make_ (four(āϚাā§°ি)/fore(āφāĻ—) 
Ans: two and two make four.
āĻĻুāχ āφ⧰ু āĻĻুāχ āϝোāĻ— āϕ⧰িāϞে āϚাā§°ি āĻšā§Ÿ ৷ 

e. He is a man of __ (principal(āĻ…āϧāĻ•্āώ্āϝ)/principle(āφāĻĻā§°্āĻļ))  
Ans: He is a man of principles.
āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻāϜāύ āφāĻĻā§°্āĻļā§ąাāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি ৷

3. Match the following: - 
a. badminton.      i) ground  
b. chess               ii) course  
c. football           iii) arena  
d. race.                iv) field  
e.hockey             v)court  
f. wrestling         vi) board 
Ans: badminton: court
        chess :       board
        Football:    Field
        Race:         course
        Hockey:     Ground
        Wrestling:  Arena

Word note:

Interaction : Communicate, Communication between more than one person,                                            exchanges of ideas with two or more people.

āĻ­াā§ą-āĻŦিāύিāĻŽā§Ÿ : āϝোāĻ—াāϝোāĻ—, āĻāϜāύāϤāĻ•ৈ āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিā§° āĻŽাāϜāϤ āϝোāĻ—াāϝোāĻ—, āĻĻুāϜāύ āĻŦা                         āϤাāϤāĻ•ৈ āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āϞোāϕ⧰ āϏৈāϤে āϧাā§°āĻŖা āĻŦিāύিāĻŽāϝ় āϕ⧰া।

Clutches : To take or try to take hold of something tightly of usually in fear,                         worry or pain.

āĻ•্āϞাāϚ : āϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖāϤে āĻ­āϝ়, āϚিāύ্āϤা āĻŦা āĻŦিāώāϤ āĻ•িāĻŦা āĻāϟা āϟাāύāĻ•ৈ āϞোā§ąা āĻŦা āϧ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āϚেāώ্āϟা                 āϕ⧰া।

Material : A physical substance.

āϏাāĻŽāĻ—্ā§°ী : āĻāĻŦিāϧ āĻ­ৌāϤিāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻাā§°্āĻĨ।

Conference : A meeting of people for discussing specific subjects.

āϏāύ্āĻŽিāϞāύ : āύিā§°্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻŦিāώāϝ়ā§° āφāϞোāϚāύাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§° āĻāĻ–āύ āϏāĻ­া।

Ideals : Good Examples.

āφāĻĻā§°্āĻļ : āĻ­াāϞ āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖ।

Favourite : Best liked or most enjoyed.

āĻĒ্ā§°ি⧟ : āϏ⧰্āĻŦāĻļ্ā§°েāώ্āĻ  āĻ­াāϞ āĻĒোā§ąা āĻŦা āφāϟাāχāϤāĻ•ৈ āĻŦেāĻ›ি āωāĻĒāĻ­োāĻ— āϕ⧰া।

Frequency : Process happenings within a period of time.

āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒāύাংāĻ• : āĻāϟা āϏāĻŽāϝ়ā§° āĻ­িāϤ⧰āϤ āϘāϟāύাāϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•্ā§°িāϝ়াāϕ⧰āĻŖ āϕ⧰া।

Transparent : Very clear.

āϏ্āĻŦāϚ্āĻ› : āĻ…āϤি āϏ্āĻĒāώ্āϟ।

Meagre : Very small amount.

āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ : āĻ…āϤি āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĒā§°িāĻŽাāĻŖā§°।

Mortal: Bodily.

āĻŽā§°্āϤ্āϝāϞোāĻ• : āĻļাā§°ীā§°িāĻ•।

Laurels : Praise and glory.

āϞ⧰েāϞāĻ› : āĻĒ্ā§°āĻļংāϏা āφ⧰ু āĻŽāĻšিāĻŽা।


Word meaning:

Near- āĻ•াāώāϤ।

Physics- āĻĒāĻĻাā§°্āĻĨ āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύ।

Probably- āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­ā§ąāϤঃ।

Reason- āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ।

Keen- āφāĻ—্ā§°āĻšী।

Matriculation- āĻŽেāϟ্ā§°িāĻ•।

Intermediate- āĻ…āύ্āϤ⧰্āĻŦā§°্āϤী।

Interaction- āĻ­াā§ą- āĻŦিāύিāĻŽā§Ÿ।

Graduate- āϏ্āύাāϤāĻ•।

Obtain- āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻĒ্āϤ āϕ⧰া।

Publish- āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰া।

Philosophical- āĻĻাā§°্āĻļāύিāĻ•।

Magazine- āφāϞোāϚāύী।

Frequency- āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒāύাংāĻ•।

Material- āϏাāĻŽāĻ—্ā§°ী।

Specific- āύিā§°্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ।

Struck- āφāϘাāϤ āϞāĻ—া।

Transparent- āϏ্āĻŦāϚ্āĻ›।

Hypothesis- āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύ।

Construct- āύিā§°্āĻŽাāĻŖ āϕ⧰া।

Apparatus- āϝāύ্āϤ্ā§°āĻĒাāϤি।

Meagre- āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ।

Conference- āϏāύ্āĻŽিāϞāύ।

Honoured- āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύিāϤ।

Activities- āĻ•াā§°্āϝāĻ•āϞাāĻĒ।

Breathe- āĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ-āĻĒ্ā§°āĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ।

Generation- āĻĒ্ā§°āϜāύ্āĻŽ।

Ideals- āφāĻĻā§°্āĻļ।


 


Word Meaning by- Punya Hazarika.

Himadri Borah