Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Computer

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Exercises

1. Fill in the blanks:

a) The word 'computer' comes from the Latin word______.

Ans: ‘computer’. 

b) Computers give______ results.

Ans: accurate 

c) _______was built during World War II.

Ans: ENIAC

d) Microcomputers are small in_______

Ans: size.

e) ________are the largest and fastest computers.

Ans: Supercomputers

2. Match column A with column B:

Column A

Column B

First Generation
Microprocessors
Second Generation
Integrated circuits
Third Generation
Vacuum tubes
Fourth Generation
Parallel processing hardware
Fifth Generation
Transistors

Ans:

Column A

Column B

First Generation
Vacuum tubes 
Second Generation
Transistors 
Third Generation
Integrated circuits
Fourth Generation
Microprocessors 
Fifth Generation
Parallel processing hardware

3. Answer the following questions:

a) Who developed the Difference Engine?
Ans: Charles Babbage developed the Difference Engine.

b) Name three eGovernance services available in India.
Ans:
Income Tax filing (https://incometax.gov.in) 
Passport Seva (https://passportindia.gov.in)
Digital Locker (https://digilocker.gov.in)

c) Give two examples for each generation of computers.
Ans: 
First Generation: ENIAC, UNIVAC
Second Generation: IBM 1401, CDC 1604
Third Generation: IBM 360, PDP-8
Fourth Generation: IBM PC, Apple Macintosh
Fifth Generation: Fujitsu K, IBM Watson

d) Describe the use of computers in schools and healthcare industries.

Ans: 
In schools: Computers are used for teaching, computer-based learning, managing student records, conducting online exams, and e-learning platforms.
In healthcare industries: Computers help in patient data management, diagnostic tools, medical imaging (like MRI, CT scans), telemedicine, and hospital management systems.

e) What are the different categories of computers based on their physical size and computing capabilities?

Ans: 
Microcomputers (e.g., laptops, desktops)
Minicomputers
Mainframe computers
Supercomputers

f) What are the different categories of computers based on their operating principles?

Ans:
Analog Computers – work with continuous data.
Digital Computers – work with discrete data.
Hybrid Computers – combine features of both analog and digital computers.

4. Write short notes on-

a) Supercomputers
Ans: Supercomputers are the fastest and most powerful computers designed for complex scientific calculations, simulations, weather forecasting, and data-heavy tasks. Examples include Summit, Fugaku, and PARAM Siddhi.

b) Fourth generation computers
Ans: Fourth generation computers use microprocessors with thousands of integrated circuits on a single chip. These computers are smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy-efficient than previous generations. Personal computers became popular in this generation.

c) Hybrid computers
Ans: Hybrid computers combine the features of both analog and digital computers. They can process both continuous and discrete data and are often used in medical equipment like ECG and ICU monitoring systems.


EDITING BY: DEEPA DAS.