Chapter 18 -
Establishment, expansion and consolidation of British rule in India
1) Answer-
(a) What was the rivalry between the English and the French?
Answer: The English and the French vied for political supremacy.
(b) Who was the Governor of the French during the First and Second Carnatic Wars?
Answer: Francis Duple was the governor of the French during the First and Second Carnatic Wars.
(c) Who was the commander-in-chief of Chirajuddaula?
Answer: Chirazuddaula's chief commander was Mirzafar.
(d) Who was the first Governor General of Bengal?
Answer: First Governor-General of Bengal It was Warren Hasting.
(e) Who invented the policy of extinction?
Answer: Lord Delhousie invented the principle of abolition of ownership.
2) Choose the correct answer—
(a) Pondicherry was the trading post of the British.
Answer: impure
(b) The French made Chalabat Jung the Nizam of Hyderabad.
Answer: pure
(c) Chirazuddaula was the son of Alibardi Khar's eldest daughter.
Answer: impure
(d) The place called Palashi was situated on the banks of the river Bhagirathi.
Answer: pure
(e) The Regulating Act promoted the Governor of Bengal to the rank of Governor General.
Answer: pure
(f) Lord Balesley introduced the policy of abolition of rights.
Answer: impure
3) Arranged in order—
Chirazuddaulla, Mizafar, Alibardi Khan, Mirkachim.
Answer: Alibardi Khan, Chirazuddaulla, Mizafar, Mirkachim.
4. The Write the short answer—
(a) First Karnataka War
Answer: The British and French rivaled each other in the War of Succession that began in Austria in 1740 ǀ which also affected British and French relations in India. In 1745, the opportunistic British navy blocked French ships off the southeast coast of India and threatened Pondicherry. Joseph Francis Duple was governor of Pondicherry at the time. The clever, visionary and sharp-witted Governor Duplay responded by capturing Madras under the British. The British were desperate and sought the help of the Nawab of Karnataka. The huge army sent by the Nawab of Karnataka to help the British was also defeated by the French. But suddenly, along with the treaty between the two nations in Europe, there was also a treaty between the British and the French in India. According to the treaty, the French returned the territories they had occupied from the British. This is known as the first battle of Karnataka in history.
b) Duplay
Answer: Joseph Francis Duple was the Governor of Pondicherry. Governor Duplay, a clever, visionary and keen intellectual, captured Madras under the British. The French troops led by Duple also joined the Nawab of Karnataka to resist the British attack.
(c) Battle of Palashi
Answer: In 1757, the British fought against the army of Nawab Chirazuddaula of Bengal at Palashi on the banks of the Bhagirathi River, 23 miles south of Murshidabad. This battle is called the Battle of Palashi. In this battle, Chiraz-ud-Daula's army was defeated by the treachery of General Mirzafar. Defeated in the battle, Chirajuddaula was killed by Mirzafar's son Miran and the British made Mirzafar Nawab of Bengal ǀ This battle occupies an important place in Indian political history. With the victory of this war, the British began to infiltrate the internal politics of India. This war marked the end of medieval India and the beginning of modern India.
(d) Regulating Act
Answer: The British Parliament enacted an Act called the Regulating Act to regulate and strengthen the rule of the East India Company in India. This Act elevated the post of Governor of Bengal to that of Governor-General. A four-member committee was formed to assist him in his work. The Governors of Mumbai and Madras were placed under the Governor-General of Bengal. This Act recognized the political activities of the East India Company in India. This marked the beginning of the permanent rule of the British Government in India.
(e) Pete's India Rule Act
Answer: The Regulating Act later failed as it did not specify the powers of the Governor General of Bengal. To remove that mistake, the English Parliament passed another Act to strengthen British rule in India. This was the Pit's India Act, which came into force in August The Act was named after William Pitt (Jr.), Prime Minister of England. According to this Act, a Board of Governors of six members is constituted in India. These members will supervise the affairs of the Company in India In Bengal the number of members of the Governor-General's Council was reduced from four to three. In addition, a regional meeting was formed. Its members enjoy the right of appointment and dismissal from the service of the East India Company. Peter's India Act laid the foundation for the rule of the later British Empire. This Act strengthened the office of Governor-General of Bengal. The Pitt India Act was the main scheme of central governance in India.
(f) Perpetual Settlement
Answer: The 'permanent settlement' was introduced during the reign of Governor General Lord Cornwallis. He tried to strengthen the company's revenue department. Permanent settlements were made in the case of agricultural land and these lands were divided and placed under the supervision of a zamindar. The zamindars were required to pay a fixed revenue to the East India Company as annual rent. If this rent could not be paid, the zamindari went to the government. Through this arrangement, Lord Cornwallis enriched the Company's coffers by raising substantial funds during his seven-year tenure.
Another notable aspect of the permanent settlement was the emergence of a new class of zamindars. As a result of the permanent settlement, the old zamindars were unable to pay revenue to the Company and their land was sold at auction. The land at this auction was bought by the wealthy class of the time. Most of these wealthy classes, however, had no direct connection with agriculture. Therefore, this wealthy class increased the rent burden on the peasants. As a result, farmers were often burdened with debt. This new wealthy class owned land under English law. Therefore, this class of people was always loyal to the British and helped them in the 1857 mutiny.
5. 5. Determine the truth of the statement 'Domestic disputes in Bengal were the main reason for the British occupation of Bengal'
Answer: In 1756, Nawab Alivardi Khan of Bengal died. This led to a dispute over the throne of Bengal ǀ after the death of the Nawab, he had no sons and the dispute over the title of Nawabi. Before his death, Nawab Alivardi Khan left the youngest of his three daughters, Chirajudaullah, as the Nawab of Bengal. After the death of Alivardi Khan, Sirajuddaula became the Nawab of Bengal. However, the eldest daughter Ghachiti Begum and the youngest daughter's son Saukatjang also claimed the throne of Bengal. Ghachiti Begum was the ruler of Dhaka at that time. The Dewan of Bengal, Rajballabh, was a supporter of Ghachiti Begum. They were deprived of the throne and conspired against Chirazuddaula. The British took advantage of this civil conflict to invade Bengal.
6. 6. Which activities of the East India Company displeased Sirajuddaula?
Answer: The following activities of the East India Company displeased Sirajuddaula:
১) Taking advantage of the domestic dispute over the throne of Bengal, the British and French proceeded to build military forts in Bengal to strengthen and protect themselves. Chirajuddaula ordered both sides to stop the construction of the fort. The French obeyed the Nawab's orders but the British ignored Chiraz-ud-Daula's orders.
২) They also abused the opportunities given to the British to trade in Bengal.
৩) The Nawab was deprived of the revenue due to the British merchants who started joint ventures in the name of the Company.
৪) Krishnadas, son of Dewan Rajballav, an officer of the Nawab, was given shelter in Calcutta by the British against the Nawab's wishes.
7. 7. Discuss the actions by which the imperialist policies of the East India Company were expressed.
Answer:
(a) Perpetual Settlement
The East India Company government took over the revenue system in the name of reforming the Indian economy. In this regard, the permanent settlement of the Governor General, Lord Cornwallis, can be mentioned. He tried to strengthen the company's royal department. Permanent settlements were made in the case of agricultural land and these lands were divided and placed under the supervision of a zamindar. The zamindars were required to pay a fixed revenue to the East India Company as annual rent. If this rent could not be paid, the zamindari went to the government. Through this arrangement, Lord Cornwallis enriched the Company's coffers by raising substantial funds during his seven-year tenure. Another notable aspect of the permanent settlement was the emergence of a new class of zamindars! When the old zamindars could not pay revenue to the Company as a result of the permanent settlement, their land was sold at auction. The land at this auction was bought by the wealthy class of the time. Most of these wealthy classes, however, had no direct connection with agriculture. Therefore, this wealthy class increased the rent burden on the peasants. As a result, farmers often had to bear the burden of holding. This new wealthy class owned land under British law Therefore, this class of people was always loyal to the British.
(b) Tax Friendly Policy-
Governor General Wellesley applied this imperialist policy to India. The conditions of this policy were that the British army would protect the indigenous kings who accepted the Karad friendly policy. but the king of the land shall bear the expense of the army. Again, if the king of a state covered by the tax-friendly policy was found to be inactive, such a native king could be deposed by the Company government and the state would come under the direct rule of the British government. Many indigenous kings lost their kingdoms to the Karad alliance, paving the way for the expansion of the British empire. Through this policy of tax friendship, several states came under the British rule.
(c) Cancellation policy-
Another imperialist policy of the company's tenure was the policy of abolition of rights. In 1834, the Board of Directors of the Company invented this policy in an attempt to expand the British Empire in India. Through this policy. The British abolished the rights of the kings of some indigenous kingdoms. The policy of abolition of rights greatly strengthened the British Government of India. The main point of the policy of abolition of rights is that if the states under British protection have no heirs, they cannot take counterparts without the permission of the British Government and even if there are unauthorized heirs, the states will be vested in the Company. The British government declared that the abolition of rights policy also applied to royal titles, titles, pensions, etc. A kingdom without an heir lost all these advantages.
8. 8. Which states did Lord Delhousie bring under the rule of the Company by applying the policy of abolition of ownership? Make a list of them.
Answer: Lord Delhousie applied the policy of abolition and annexed the following states
9. Draw a map of India and place the following places
Pondicherry, Madras, Mumbai, Allahabad, Ayodhya, Palashi, Karnataka
Answer:
