Chapter 1
Early Society
1. Write a very short answer
a) How many millions of years ago have examples of the use of fire been found?
Answer: Evidence of the use of fire has been found 5.6 million years ago.
b) When was the Moryan Empire established?
Answer: The Morya Empire was founded in 321 BC.
c) Who is the author of the book On the origin of species?
Charles Darwin wrote the book On the Origin of Species .
d) In which year was the Altamira Cave in Spain discovered?
Answer: The Altamira Cave was discovered in 1879 in Spain.
e) What was the number of rooms in the palace of Mari?
There were 260 rooms in the palace of Mari .
f) Who was the last king of independent Babylon?
Answer: The last king of independent Babylon was Nabonidus.
g) When was iron used in Egypt?
Answer: Iron was used in Egypt between 700-600 BC.
h) When did Alexander invade Babylon?
Answer: Alexander invaded Babylon in 331 AD.
i) What is a fossil?
Answer: Fossils are the remains of very old plants, animals or humans converted into rock.
j) Primates belong to which group?
Primates are a subgroup of a large group of mammals.
2. Write a short answer
a) Prepare a list of components required to manufacture the tool.
Answer: There is some certainty about the manufacture of tools by primitive people. This confirmation can be obtained from man-made artifacts found in various places. For example, thousands of sharp tools and axes have been discovered in the excavations of Kilumb, Kenya, and Olrgesaili. These are 700,000 to 500,000 years old.
How did these tools cluster in one place? It is possible that the places where the most food was available were frequently visited. It is natural to find evidence of their activities and presence in these areas. The products they make are found scattered on the ground. Fewer tools are available where they go less frequently. There was a difference between man-made tools and wild-man-made tools. We have already seen that the hands have become very skilled in some physiological and neurological adaptations. This phenomenon must have been possible due to the important role of the tools of human life. Furthermore, the ways in which people build tools and use them often require more memory and complex manufacturing techniques. Wild people lacked both of these elements. Ethiopia and Kenya have the oldest examples of the manufacture and use of stone tools. The Ostalpithecus were probably the first people to make stone tools.
It is not known whether the tools were made by both males and females. However, both are more likely to do so. Females made tools to collect the food they must have needed, especially to feed themselves or their offspring. Advanced weapons for hunting animals were invented about 35,000 years ago. New types of stick throwing tools and bows are available during this period. Fossil hominid footprints found in Letuli, Tanzania, testify to this. Similarly, fossils of limb bones discovered in Hadar, Ethiopia, testify to the evolution of bipeds.
b) There are some physical and behavioral similarities between humans and mammals like apes or wild humans. This suggests that humans may have evolved from forest humans. a) Behavior and b) Physical Structure -- List the similarities separately in these two categories.
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c) Discuss the arguments in support of the regional continuity model of human evolution. Do you think it provides a convincing explanation of the archaeological evidence?
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d) (a) Collection of fruits and vegetables , b) Manufacturing of tools, c) Arrangement of fire. Which of these is most frequently mentioned in the archaeological record?
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e) Why do we say that natural fertilizers and high quality food production are not the only reasons for ancient urban life?
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f) Select which of the following are the necessary conditions for the establishment of ancient cities, and which factors are required, and which are the results of urban environment: a) High food production, b) Waterways, c) Lack of metals and stones Labor compulsory.
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g) Why are nomadic livestock farmers not dangerous to urban life?
Answer: Nomadic herders are not dangerous to urban life as they hunted animals in rural areas. They never disturbed the people living in the city. One of their hunter-gatherer groups is the Hadza.
The Hadza were a small group of hunters and treasure-gatherers. They lived near Lake Yachi. Lake Yachi has salty water and is located in a flooded valley. East Hadza is a dry, rocky grassland. It is covered with thorny shrubs and acacias and wild fruits. At the beginning of the century, there were exceptionally many easy-to-target animals. They are elephants, rhinos, buffaloes, giraffes, zebras, herds of deer, baboons, lions, leopards, tigers, hyenas, etc. There were also many small animals such as rabbits, foxes, wolves and others.
h) Why do ancient temples look almost like houses?
Answer: From 5000 BC, people began to expand in southern Mesopotamia, and it was in these settlements that the ancient cities were built. They were of different types. Some cities were built around temples, some around commercial centers and some around capitals. Here we will only discuss the first two types of cities. In the past, the inhabitants built temples at special places in their villages. Their oldest temple is built of unbaked brick. The temples were the sites of various gods and goddesses such as the moon, Ur, Inanna, the goddess of love and war. The temples were spacious with several brick rooms and courtyards. The temples were larger than human dwellings and the boundaries were covered. They worshiped the gods and goddesses by offering grain, yogurt, and fish. The gods and goddesses were the owners of the agriculture, land, fish farms and cattle of the local people. The temple was used for oil crushing, rice making and woolen cloth making. The ancient temples looked like homes. There were many rooms in the temples just as there were many rooms in the houses. The first room of the temple was decorated with idols of various gods and goddesses. On the orders of the king, people brought precious stones and minerals from far away, made bricks locally, built temples, and so on. Technical knowledge developed in Urok until 3000 BC. Bronze tools were used in various techniques.
The builders made brick pillars. This is because there was a lack of wood to bear the weight of the roof of the big hall. Hundreds of people used pottery to make round but pointed metal and harden it by baking it. These were used in temples and decorated with various colors. Urok can also claim credit for sculpture. There was also great progress in sculpture. They were built of imported stone, not readily available clay.
3. Essay-like questions:
Discuss how far the use of language could have facilitated a) hunting and b) shelter construction.
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b) Choose two events from each of timelines 1 and 2 at the end of the lesson and write why they are fulfilled
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c) Explain that humans probably evolved from wild humans.
Answer: Hominids included wild people. They evolved from hominids to hominids, and although they had common characteristics, there were many differences. They are both quadrupeds, walking on all fours. But the forelegs are more relaxed. Hominids can walk with the front of their bodies standing and resting on their feet. There were also characteristics of the hand. Hominids could use weapons.
Hominids are divided into several branches , called genus or class species. The most important of these were Ostalpithecus la and Homo. They also have different categories. The main differences between Ostalpithecus and Hum were the size of the brain seen in the jaws and teeth. The brain of Ostelpithecus is larger than that of the human and the jaws and teeth are also larger.
There are differences between ancient and modern humans in the size of the skull and the bones of the mouth or jaw. When they become bipedal, their hands are free and they can carry babies or other objects. Again, the more the hands were used, the better they became. The convenience of having my hands free for various tasks does not require as much effort or labor as it did when I was quadriplegic. However, running requires more energy. Indirect evidence of bipedalism dates back 3.6 million years.
Hom is a Latin word meaning man. Scientists have seen several types of hums and named these hum species based on their characteristics. Some of these fossils are called Homo habilita , Homo erectus standing and Homo sapiens wise or thinking humans.
Fossils of Hom Habilis have been discovered in Omo, Ethiopia and in the Oldway Gorge in Tanzania. The earliest Homo erectus fossils are found in Africa and Asia. such as Kobi Fora, and Western Turknow, Kenya, Modjokarto, and Sangiran, Java. Such fossils found in Asia are later than those found in Africa. It is therefore concluded that hominids migrated from West Africa to South and North Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and probably Europe between 2 million and 2.5 million years ago. The species has been active for about 1 million years.
d) Which of the new institutions that developed with the onset of urban life depended on the initiative of the kings?
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e) What do ancient stories say about Mesopotamian civilization?
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f) Describe the elements required for the establishment of a city.
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g) Explain the meaning of ancient urban life.
Answer: Cities are not just populated places. When there is economic development in areas other than food, people begin to flock to the cities. The urban economy includes, apart from food production, trade, commerce, manufacturing and employment. The residents of the city are not self-reliant. Dependent on the production of other cities or villages . For example, the stonecutter is needed to make bronze tools, which he cannot make himself. He may not even know where to find the colored stones used to make seals. His specialty is in the manufacture of woodworking objects, not in trade. The bronze maker does not have to go far in search of copper and tin. He also needed coal for fuel on a regular basis. Thus, the division of labor for production is a special feature of urban life. There is also a need for a social organization in the city. Fuel, metals, various stones, timber, etc. come into the hands of the manufacturers of the city's products from various places. This requires organized trade and warehousing. Grain or other produce comes from the village to the city. Food grains need to be stored and distributed in the same place in the city. There are many other activities that require coordination. The seal carvers need not only stones but also bronze tools and vessels. Of course, in such a situation, some people have to follow the instructions of others. This requires a management. In urban economies, written records are also required.
h) Briefly write about the lifestyle of the Hadza.
Answer: The Hadza are a small group of hunters and food gatherers. They lived near Lake Iachi. Lake Yachi is salty and is located in a flooded valley. East Hadza is a dry, rocky grassland. It is full of thorny shrubs and acacia trees and wild fruits. In the early twentieth century, there were many animals that were readily available. They are elephants, rhinos, buffaloes , giraffes, zebras, herds of deer, baboons, lions, leopards, hyenas, etc.
There were also many small animals such as rabbits, foxes, wolves and others. All these animals except elephants were hunted and eaten by the Hadza. It was possible to eat the meat of the animals they hunted regularly without destroying them. This is because animals were not slaughtered in large numbers.
Vegetables , fruits , salt , raw seeds etc. are not readily available but are grown in sufficient quantities in the dry season and in the height of winter. Naturally, there are differences between summer and winter vegetables, but there is no shortage of them in any season.
The honey and larvae of seven wild bees were eaten. In some years, the amount varied according to the seasons. There was no shortage of water in the summer. However, it decreased in winter. The Hadza can easily obtain water from a maximum distance of 5-6 km and they usually set up camps within 1 km of the water. However, they do not live in the plain forests of the region. They like to set up camps among rocks or trees. The Hadza to the east do not claim ownership of land and resources. Anyone can live wherever they want, there are no restrictions. They can hunt insufficiently in the area. , fruits , vegetables or honey, bring water, there is no restriction. Despite having insufficient hunting animals, the Hadza relied mainly on wild vegetables and fruits for food. Probably 80 percent of the food is plant-based, only 20 percent is meat and honey. In summer the camps become smaller and scattered and in winter the Hadza tend to cluster in one place due to low water levels and the camps become larger. However, there is no shortage of food during the dry season.
4. The Write a brief
a) Early human tool making.
Answer: The use and manufacture of tools is not exclusive to humans. Birds can take measures to gather food and survive and to encounter enemies accidentally. They are known for this. Chimpanzees use their own tools when searching for food. However, there were differences between man-made tools and wild-man-made tools. We have already seen that the hand became able to work cleverly in terms of some physiological and neurological adaptations. This phenomenon must have been possible due to the important role of the tools of human life. Furthermore, the ways in which people build tools and use them often require more memory and complex manufacturing techniques. Wild people lacked both of these elements.
Ethiopia and Kenya have the oldest examples of the manufacture and use of stone tools. The Austalpithecus were probably the first to make stone tools. Like other works, it is not known whether the tools were made by males or females or both, although it is likely that both were made.
b) Mesopotamia.
Answer: The name Mesopotamia comes from the Greek words Mesos and Potamos, which means the place between rivers. It is located between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and is now part of the Iraqi democracy. Mesopotamia is known for its prosperity, urban life, large size and high quality literature, mathematics, and astronomy. Mesopotamian writing system and literature spread to the Mediterranean Sea, northern Syria, and Turkey after 2000 BC. The kingdoms of this region and the pharaohs of Egypt used Mesopotamian characters and languages. Here we will see Haq discussing urban life.
Archaeological research began in Mesopotamia in the 1840s. In some of these places, excavations continued for decades. In addition to Mesopotamian buildings, statues, ornaments, tombs, tools and seals, thousands of written documents can also be studied as resources. Mesopotamia is important to Europeans because it is mentioned in the first part of the Bible, the Old Testament. Traveling European scholars consider Mesopotamia to be an ancestral site and archaeological work continues to prove the Old Testament. From the middle of the nineteenth century, the excavation of ancient Mesopotamian civilization continued. In 1873, a British newspaper funded a project at the British Museum to research the Biblical flood.
c) Warkha Shir
This female idol was carved in white marble in Urok before 3000 BC . Its eyes were probably blue stones and white shells and its cheeks were covered with black tar. It is probably a groove cut on the head for ornamentation, however, it is a world famous example of sculpture and is highly praised for the subtle, delicate design of the female face, spit and cheeks. It is probably built of hard stone supplied from a distance.
D. Seals as urban artifacts
Answer: Ancient seals were stamped in India. However, in Mesopotamia, spoon-shaped stone seals were used until the end of the first millennium BC. After tying them between them and connecting them to a shala, the potter is driven over the ground. As a result, one image after another is created. Only very skilled carpenters could cut designs on seals. Sometimes it was inscribed with the name of the owner, his dear god and his title. The funnel-shaped seal can be rotated on the ground. Its impressions sat exactly on the potter's ground. It was therefore a tool of accreditation and a symbol of the role of urban people in society.
Important Question
1. Iron was used in Europe from how many ADs?
Answer: Iron was used between 1100-1000 AD.
2. What is the name of the book by Charles Darwin?
Charles Darwin's book is called On the Origin of Species
3. What does the word 'Hom' mean?
Answer: The word hom means man.
4. The Name a hunting and food gathering nation in Africa.
Answer: The Hadjas are a tribe that hunts and eats in Africa.
5. What is ethnology or anthropology?
Answer: Ethnology is the analytical study of contemporary ethnic groups.
6. Name two places where the first and clearest witnesses of the killing of large mammals were found.
Answer: The following are the two places where the first and clearest witnesses of the killing of large mammals were found
A. Box Grove, England
B. Schonningen, Germany
7. What is Altamira?
Altamira is a cave area in Spain .
8. What is anthropology?
Answer: Anthropology is a discipline that studies aspects of human culture and human biology.
9. How many years before the end of the Ice Age?
Answer: The Ice Age ended about 13,000 years ago.
10. How many millions of years ago were sewing needles invented?
Answer: Sewing needles were invented 21,000 million years ago.
