Chapter 3
Empire
1. Write a very short answer
(a) What was the main language of the Roman Empire?
Answer: Latin was the main language of the Roman Empire.
(b) In what century did Emperor Constantine convert to Christianity?
Answer: In the fourth century.
( c) When was the Holy Roman Empire formed?
Answer: In the ninth century.
(d) When was the Christian church established in Ethiopia?
Answer: 1200 BC.
(e) When was the first printed book published in China?
Answer: 850-900 BC.
(f) On what were the papyri inscribed?
Answer: In the rock.
(g) In what sorrow did the Euphrates separate the empire?
Answer: Rome and Iran.
(h) Name a major 'player' in the political history of the Roman Empire.
Answer: Octavian.
( i) Who was Tacitus?
Answer: Tacitus was a contemporary historian of the Roman Empire.
(j) What was the old name of modern Algeria?
Answer:
2. Write the short answer:
(a) If you had lived in the Roman Empire, would you have lived in a city or in a village? Explain why.
Answer: In the cities, the advantage is that it was easier to procure food in times of shortage in the cities than in the villages. The townspeople stored large quantities of food from the villages for the following year during the harvest.
(b) Compile a list of some of the cities, rivers, seas, and provinces mentioned in the chapter and then show them on a map. Can you give some explanation about any three on the list?
Answer: River: Amazon (Brazil),
(c) Imagine that you are a Roman housewife and that you are preparing a shopping list of household items. Which substances will you include in the list.
Answer: The household items used by a Roman housewife are:
1) wheat, and 2) olive oil.
(d) Why did the Roman government stop minting silver? Which metal was used to make coins?
Answer: The Roman government stopped minting silver coins. This is because the government did not have the necessary amount of silver. They used it to make gold and coins.
3. Essay-like questions:
(a) Suppose Emperor Trojan was able to conquer India and the Romans ruled it for centuries. How different would India be today in that regard?
Answer: Emperor Trojan conducted the only major expansionary campaign between 113-17 AD. This allowed the Trojans to occupy the area along the Euphrates River. for his successors had excluded these regions.
The Romans gradually expanded direct rule. They had to support the Roman Empire with armies dependent on Rome. In return, the Romans maintained them to survive. By the early second century, the west of the Euphrates had merged with the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire included all the regions east of the Mediterranean, mainly the provinces of Palestine, Syria, and Mesopotamia. They governed their territories in cooperation with the Roman government.
The Roman Empire was divided into two stages. They are the previous and next stages. The difference between the two empires was that the Roman imperial culture was more diverse than that of Iran. The Roman Empire was filled with people of many nations and languages and cultures. Their system of rule bound everyone together. They used Latin and Greek. The aspect of Roman political history is the transition of power between Italy and the provinces. Many parts of the Roman Empire were famous for their exceptional productivity. Sicily and Byzesium exported large quantities of wheat to Rome.
The agricultural writers of Rome focused on labor management. strictly governed workers in some of the industrial transplants of the Roman Empire. Incense and frankincense were prepared from the bark of frankincense.The frequent change of emperor in the third century was a sign encountered in the Roman Empire.
(b) Read the chapter carefully and extract some basic features of Roman society and economy, which gave it its modern form.
Answer: Some of the basic characteristics of the Roman Empire and economy are mentioned below
A modern feature of the Roman Empire is the widespread expansion of the smallest family. The parents were not living with their adult son. Slaves lived with their masters. According to the customs that prevailed until the first century, their sons and daughters-in-law inherited their parents' property. After marrying their daughter, they gave her dowry, but she remained the heir in her parents' house. He became the independent owner of the property after the death of his father. The divorce was very easy. They were separated when one of the husband and wife declared it before the law.
Augustine the Great spent most of his time in North Africa. He mentioned that the mother of the great Augustine was physically abused by he father. Most of the women in the small town were being abused .
Economic Expansion- The Roman Empire had many mines, stone, quarries, olive oil, and factories. These strengthened the country's economy. Their main commodities were wheat, wine, and olive oil. Spanish olive oil was discovered as a commercial commodity in 140-160 AD.
Many parts of the Roman Empire were famous for their exceptional productivity. Sicily and Bygesium exported large quantities of wheat to Rome.Spanish olive oil was mainly imported from the olive groves (Fundi) along the Guadalquivi in southern Spain. The agricultural people of Rome focused on labor management. Kalumella suggested that landowners should stock double the equipment if necessary so that production does not decrease.
The silver coinage system changed for three centuries towards the end of the Roman Empire. This is because the Spanish silver mines were empty. The government did not have the necessary amount of silver. For that reason, Constantine introduced a new gold coinage system. Gold coins continued to be used until later.
(c) How were laborers controlled in the Mediterranean in ancient times?
Answer: The following is a description of how labor was controlled in the Mediterranean region in ancient times
The slave system was more profound in ancient times in the Mediterranean region and the Near East. Even after Christianity became the state religion in the fourth century, these people could not challenge it effectively. This did not mean that most of the Roman economy was made up of the labor of slaves. At the time of Augustus, 3 million of Italy's 7.5 million people were slaves. Slaves were used for investment or trade. A Roman agricultural writer told landlords that where many slaves were needed, their health could be destroyed. (eg malaria) Slaves should not be employed in this case.
The city governor, Lucius Pedanius Secundus, was assassinated by a servant. According to their ancient custom, after a murder, all the other slaves in the murderer's household were to be put to death. The people started a revolt to save those who were not killed. Inside the Senate, the death penalty remained unchanged, although the rebels were told not to be more severe.
In the 13th century, Genghis Khan and his successors conquered West Asia, Europe, Central Asia and China. Commercial opportunities in the regions were the main goal of all efforts to establish and defend the empire. Various types of military organizations were formed in the empires. The heir to the achievements of an empire was its successor.
The empires were not very stable. There was a lack of relationship between the pastoral tribes. The kings received assistance in trade from the herdsmen of the north. Workers and soldiers were recruited from among these herders. Not all of these empires were urban-centric. Over time, it became known by the names of the Greek, Latin, Arabic and Persian languages of the region. Religion helped to establish a vast empire. In Numidia, herders moved south from the mountains to feed their sheep, goats and other animals.
Pastoral and semi-nomadic communities were always on the move. The increase in Roman settlement in North Africa reduced the amount of fields. Therefore, movement in the pastoral communities was limited. The north of Spain was not an improvement. It was inhabited by Celtic-speaking peasants.
(e) What was the dream of Emperor Trojan? Did the dream come true?
Answer: The Roman Empire was divided into two stages. There are two parts, the preceding and the following. People in the eastern part of the empire used Greek for speech and writing. The people of the West, on the other hand, used Latin. Both of these languages are from the middle of the Mediterranean. All who lived within the empire were subjects of the same king.
The Trojans conducted the only major expansionary campaign of the early empire between 113-17 AD. The successors of the Trojans excluded those areas. In 115 AD, Trojan made the greatest expansion of the Roman Empire after his two conquests in the east. After the emperor and the senate, the military was the main force of democracy in Rome. Persian soldiers were forcibly recruited. The senators hated and feared the soldiers. The senators did not know when and how they violated the soldiers.
The emperor, the aristocracy, and the military were the three major political players in the empire. Emperors relied on the control of the army. The Civil War began when the army was divided. In the winter of 115-16 AD, there was a strong earthquake. In 116 AD, the Trojans marched across the Euphrates to the Parthian capital, Tisiphon, and from there to the head of the Persian Gulf. According to Cassius Dio, Trojan sailed to India on a merchant ship. He looked at him with satisfied eyes and said if he were young like Alexander. It was a dream to be as young as the Trojan Alexander . But the Trojans were not successful.
4. The Write a short answer
(a) The Near Orient
Answer: Near Eastern - The main language of the Near East was Aramaic. All regions east of the Mediterranean, mainly the provinces of Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia of the Roman Empire. These were usually from surrounding areas like Arabia.
All regions of the Roman Empire were considered provinces. The Near East was filled with many kingdoms. They were local kingdoms: they had to support their Roman Empire with armies dependent on Rome. The major urban areas along the Mediterranean coast were the real foundation of the imperialist system. Through these cities, the 'government' collected taxes from the inner provincial areas. Most of the resources came from these rural areas. An interesting aspect of Roman political history was Italy and the provinces. In the second and third centuries, these provincial upper classes received government subjects.
Italy became increasingly politically and economically insignificant in the Roman Empire. A class of nobles emerged in the Mediterranean regions. A city in the Roman sense is an urban center. The slave system was more prominent in the Mediterranean region and the Near East in ancient times.
(b) The Crisis of the Third Century
Answer: Crisis of the third century- The third century was a time of internal strife. From the 230s onwards, the Roman Empire experienced various problems at the same time. In 225 AD, new and more dynasties emerged in Iran. The Iranians called themselves Chasanians. There was a famous inscription engraved in three languages. It was there that the Iranian ruler Chapor I claimed to have destroyed a Roman army of 60,000 men.
They captured Antioch, the eastern capital of Rome. Between 233 and 280, all these regions from the Black Sea to the Alps and southern Germany were invaded. The emperors continued to fight against the so-called foreign barbarians. The emperor of the third century changed frequently. This was a sign of the crisis facing the Roman Empire.
(c) Holy Roman Empire
Answer: Holy Roman Empire - The Roman Empire was the whole of Europe and the crescent. It covered much of the Roman Empire from West Asia to North Africa. The main language of the Roman Empire was Latin (the language of Rome). In the ninth century AD, the Holy Roman Empire was formed through the efforts of the Christian Church. In the middle of the 15th century, the Arab Empire conquered all of the former Roman Empire. This empire was founded by the disciples of the Prophet Muhammad.
All efforts to establish empires were the commercial advantages of these regions. They take advantage of relations with regions like India and China. The credit of an empire is inherited by its heir. Over time, the region became known as the Greek, Latin, Persian, and Arabic languages.The empires were not very stable. The reason for the destruction of the empire was the lack of good relations between the empire and the pastoral tribes. The kings received assistance for trade from the herdsmen of the north. All empires were urban-centric.
There are two stages of the Roman Empire, the Eastern and the Later. The Roman Empire was filled with people of different languages, cultures, and nationalities. In 630 AD there were two empires: Rome and Iran. The Romans and Iranians took up arms against each other to expand their dominance. The two empires were close together. There were people of many languages in the empire. Latin and Greek were used for administrative purposes. The people of the East used Greek in writing and speech, while the inhabitants of the West spoke Latin. All who lived within the empire were subjects of the same king.
