Chapter 11
On the path of modernization
Exercises
1. 1. Write a very short answer:
a) In which century did China dominate East Asia?
Answer : China dominated East Asia in the 19th century.
b) Who is the first to be named as the greatest historian of ancient China?
Answer: Chima Chian was first considered the greatest historian of ancient China.
c) What is the shirt story?
Answer: Genjikatha means fictional diary.
d) Who wrote the story of Genji?
Answer: The story of Genji was written by Murasaki Chikibu.
e) What policies did the Japanese government try to develop the economy?
Answer: The Japanese government tried to develop the economy through the 'Fukko Kyuhe' policy.
f) When did the new school system begin in Japan?
Answer: Japan started a new school system in the 1870s.
g) Which two cities were connected by Japan's first railway?
Answer: The first railway in Japan connected the cities of Stockton and Dallington.
h) Who was the leader of the Japanese People's Rights Movement?
Tanakachojo was the leader of the Japanese People's Rights Movement .
i) Name the early reformer of China.
Answer: The early reformer of China was Kang Yuei or Liang Qisao.
j) When was the first Kani War fought?
Answer: The first Kani War took place in 1939-4
k) Who is said to be the maker of modern China?
Answer: Chan Yatsen is considered the founder of modern China.
l) When was the Communist Party of China established?
Answer: The Communist Party of China was founded in
d) In which year did Britain return Hong Kong to China?
In 1997 , Britain returned Hong Kong to China.
2. 2. Answer briefly.
( a ) What events preceded the Meiji Resurrection that enabled the rapid development of Japan ?
Answer: Before the Meiji Renaissance, European countries established colonies in India and other countries. China was defeated by England. That event made Japan's rapid development possible.
(b) Write how Japan's daily life changed with its development.
Answer: With the development of Japan came changes to its daily life e.g.
1) Regulations were made to control the peasants and to keep the samorais armed.
2. The daimyo were allowed to rule independently in the capital of their territory.
3. The owner of the land was identified through land survey. They were also classified according to the productivity of the soil.
( c ) How did the Qing dynasty meet the challenges from Western powers ?
Answer: The following is how the Chinese dynasty faced the challenges from Western powers
China's path to modernization was different. Both Western and Japanese foreign imperialism weakened all Chinese government control. They went to destroy the political and social system and they brought misery to the local people. That war, feudalism, robbers and civil war killed many people.
The Communist Party of China and its supporters continued to destroy tradition. They believe that tradition made people poor. The country was underdeveloped. The Chinese Communist Party made China economically strong by carrying out market reforms.
( d ) What are the three formulas of Chan Yat Sen ?
Answer: There are three formulas of Chan Yatsen
1. Nationality- The foreign Manchu dynasty and other foreign imperialists should be expelled.
2. Democracy- Democratic government should be established.
3. Socialism - Land ownership should be equalized and capital should be controlled.
3. 3. 3. Compositional questions:
( a ) Did Japan 's rapid industrialization fuel wars with its neighbors and destroy the environment ?
Answer: Japan developed as an industrially advanced country. But the establishment of the empire resulted in war. Japan was defeated by American forces. By the 1970s, Japan had emerged as a major economic power in the world. A king ruled Japan from Kyoto. By the 12th century, the king had to cede rule to the Sogans. The Sogan ruled a lot in the name of the king. The future development of Japan was paved by three changes in the late 16th century and those changes were
1. The peasants were controlled and the samorai followed the rule of setting in their hands.
2. The daimyo were allowed to rule independently in the capital of their territory.
3. Land surveys were conducted to identify the owners and taxpayers of the land and classify the land according to its productivity.
Rapid and uncontrolled industrial expansion and increased demand for natural resources destroyed the environment. In 1897, Tanaka Chajo, a member of the first House of Representatives, launched an agitation against pollution with 800 villagers and forced the government to take action against pollution. They were influenced by the Japanese law system. The leaders who participated in the establishment of the monarchy began to enjoy power. They formed political parties.
Between 1918 and 1931, the popularly elected prime minister formed the cabinet. they stipulated that only serving admirals and generals could become ministers.
( b ) Do you think that Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party have succeeded in liberating China and laying the foundation for its present development ?
Answer: The Communist Party of China was formed in The Comintern and the Soviet Union supported communist parties in various countries. They took action with Marxist ideas. The Comintern was a puppet in the hands of the Soviets. He was discontinued in Mao Zedong emerged as the leader of the Communist Party of China. His success made the Communist Party of China a strong political party and that political force encouraged the Kuomintang.
Followers camped from 1928 to 1934 to protect themselves from Kuomintong attacks. He formed a powerful Mazdoor Kisan Parishad. Mao emphasized the need for an independent government and army for other people's leaders. She was aware of women's problems and supported rural women's organisations. He formulated a new marriage. It made it easier to divorce by preventing the buying and selling of marriage contracts. In the 1930s, Mao examined the commodities he made in Junbut: salt, small merchants, artists, blacksmiths, and the power of religious organizations. Because of the exploitation at different levels.
Mao led the people strongly to achieve the goals set by the Communist Party of China. He tried to form a socialist person. That socialist must love five things. such as the fatherland, science, labour, the people and public property. He formed mass organizations for students, women peasants and other classes of people. For example, The All China Democratic Womens Federations had 7.6 million members and the All Students Federation had 3.29 million members.
(c) Explain the extent to which Westernization helped China and Japan.
Answer: History of Japan and China Due to historical circumstances, both countries took different paths for independence and modernization. Japan could maintain those freedoms. Those traditional techniques and systems were successful because of the use of new systems.
Western imperialist forces continued the modernization program in Japan. They invented their own solutions to those problems. Many Japanese wanted to free Asia from the control of Western powers. On the other hand, that ideal is considered for building an empire. Changes in social, political events and daily life were not necessarily a revival of heritage. These are used constructively in new and different ways. For example, the Meiji school system was developed by Europeans and Americans and new subjects were taught.
China's path to modernization was different. Foreign imperialism, both Western and Japanese, weakened all Chinese government control. They brought danger to the local people by trying to destroy the political and social system. Feudalism, civil war and robbery killed many people in war. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, he sought new ways to promote national unity. They believe that tradition impoverished people and kept women vulnerable.
(d) Explain the reasons and significance of China's establishment of a new democracy.
Answer: The reasons and significance of China's establishment of a new democracy are discussed below
In 1911, a democracy was established in China under the leadership of Chan Yat-sen. He came from a poor family. He attended the Chan Yatsen Missionary School. It was at that school that he was introduced to democracy and Christianity. Chan Yat Sen studied medicine. He was concerned about the future of China. That program was called the Tri-Formula.
In 1949, democracy was established in China. China's new democracy was based on all social classes. In China's new democracy, the main sector of the economy remained under government control and private business and land ownership disappeared. These arrangements continued until The Great Leap Forward movement was a policy. The country could not develop through industrialization by implementing that policy. Jana Parishads were established in rural areas. They occupied the land of the Jana Parishad in common and cultivated it. By 1958 there were 26,000 communes in the area and 98% were farmers.
(e) Describe how the Communist Party of China emerged.
Answer: The rise of the Communist Party of China is described below:
In 1937, Japan invaded China and the Kuomintang retreated. The battle was long and great. The war weakened China. During 1945-49, prices rose by 30%. In 1921, the Communist Party of China was formed. The Comintern and the Soviet Union supported communist parties in various countries. They acted on the Marxist concept of the traditional. He acted like a hand puppet to the Comintern Soviets. It was closed in Mao Zedong was emerged as the leader of the Communist Party of China. His success made the Communist Party of China a powerful political party.
From 1928 to 1934, followers set up camps to protect themselves from Kuomintang attacks. Mao Zedong formed the powerful Workers' Peasant Council. Unlike other people's leaders, Mao emphasized the need for an army and an independent government. He prevented the buying and selling of marriage contracts and made it easier to divorce. The Chinese Communist Party had a strong social base. The Communists and the Kumindang worked together. At the end of the war, the Communists took power.
In 1949, democracy was established in China. Karl Marx used the dictatorship of the proletariat claimed by the Soviet Union. In China's 'New Democracy', the economy was under government control. Mao led the people strongly to achieve the goals set by the Communist Party of China. Mao tried to create socialist individuals.
4. The Write a brief note:
( a ) Which of the two is not
Naito Konan: Naito was the first Japanese to practice intellectuals in China. His writings influenced other writers around the world. Naito applied his journalistic career experience in Western historiography for his work. In 1907, Naito helped found Oriental Studies at the University of Kyoto.
Naito, in his book Chinaran, said that through democratic government, elite control and centralized rule were passed from China's Chung Dynasty. That was the way to revitalize the local community, Knight said. According to Naito, Japan played an important role in China.
The main ethnic group in China was the Han and the language was Chinese, and the other ethnic groups were the Uighurs, the Hui, the Tibetans, and the Manchu. Chinese food varied from region to region. Four regions were identified on a dietary basis. Rice and flour are eaten in East Asia, wheat is the staple food in northern China, spices and peppers brought by ancient Buddhists and Portuguese merchants are eaten in Chechua, and vegetables in flour dough are eaten in southern China.
( b ) The story of the shirt
Answer: Genjikatha means fictional diary. Murasaki Shikibu wrote the story. The story became the main story of Japanese literature and many writers such as Murasaki Chikibu appeared at the same time. They wrote in Japanese script and the men wrote in Chinese script. Chinese scripts were used in education and government.
The story made and used the romantic story of Yuvraj Genji. The story expressed the freedom of women to live their lives.
( c ) Fukuyawa Yukichi
Fukuwa Yukichi was a top Meiji intellectual . He argued that Japan must expel Asia. Fukuyawa Yukichi was born into a poor samurai family. After receiving Dutch and Western science education in Nagasaki and Osaka, he studied English. At the Japanese Embassy, he collected resources for a book on the West. The book became very popular because of his writing style.
Fukuwa Yukichi founded a school. The school was called Q University. Fukuwa Mirokosa was one of the main members of the Western education sponsorship movement.
( d ) The Opium War
Answer: Opium warfare - Opium warfare is a narcotic drug. The British East India Company came up with that solution. Demand for tea, porcelain and silk posed a major problem in the balance of trade. Western goods could not capture the market in China. In a very short time, more people in China began to use opium. The Chinese people suffered more as a result. The company thus bought silk, tea and porcelain for Britain. They were the iconic trade between Britain , China and India.
Important Question Answer
1) Who is considered the pioneer of modern Japanese history?
Answer: Liang-Chi of China is considered to be the pioneer of modern history.
2. Name two islands in Japan.
Answer: The two islands of Japan are Hansu and Hokkaido.
3) Who wrote the Genjikatha diary?
The diary was written by Murasaki Chikibu .
4) What was Nishijin?
Answer: There was a village in Nishijin Kyoto.
5. Write about an important reform of the Meiji Dynasty.
Answer: One of the most important reforms of the Meiji Dynasty was the economic modernization of Japan.
6. In which year was Japan's first railway built between the ports of Tokyo and Yukuhama?
Answer: In 1870-72, Japan's first railway was built between the ports of Tokyo and Yukuhama.
7. What is the name of the school founded by Fukuoka Yukichi?
Answer: The school founded by Fukuoka Yukichi is called Qiu University.
8. In which year was the first radio station established?
Answer: The first radio station was established in
9. In which year was Japan modernized or disarmed?
Answer: Japan was modernized or disarmed in 1945-4
10. Name a reformer of early China.
Answer: One of the early Chinese reformers was Kang Yuei or Liang Qisao.
