Exercises
1. Give a very short answer:
a) When was Incanagar Masu Pisu rediscovered?
Answer: Inca Nagar Masu Pisu was rediscovered in
b) Where is the name Mexico derived from?
Answer: The name Mexico is derived from Central America.
c) The word Brazil comes from which tree?
Answer: The word Brazil comes from the Brazil tree.
d) When was Ptolemy's Geography published?
Answer: Ptolemy's Geography was published in 1477 AD.
e) What is cosmography?
Answer: Cosmography is the science of mapping the universe.
f) From which year was the name America used?
Answer: The name of the United States has been used since
g) Where is the word America derived from?
Answer: The word America was derived from India.
h) In which year was Cuba discovered?
Answer: Cuba was discovered in
i) Who discovered the coast of North America?
Answer: The coast of North America was discovered by the Spanish.
j) In which AD did Magellan sail the world?
Answer: In 1522 AD, Magellan sailed around the world.
k) In which year was the British East India Company formed?
Answer: The British East India Company was formed in
l) In which year did Etahualpa ascend the Inca throne?
Answer: Etahualpa ascended the Inca throne in 1532 AD.
D. What is the new name of South America?
Answer: South America is the new name of Latin America.
2. 2. Write the answer briefly:
a) Compare the Aztec civilization with the Mesopotamian civilization.
Answer: The comparison between the Aztec civilization and the Mesopotamian civilization is that the Aztec civilization was a modern civilization and existed hundreds of years before the Mesopotamian civilization.
b) Which factors facilitated European navigation in the 15th century?
Answer: From the 15th century, the European Sea Project opened a sea route from one ocean to another. Before this, most of these routes were unfamiliar to Europeans. These factors helped European navigation in the 15th century.
c) Why were Spain and Portugal the first to dare to cross the Atlantic Ocean in the 15th century?
Answer: Ptolemy thought that the Earth was spherical, he did not assume a relationship of expansion in the oceans. They did not think the journey would be long. Therefore, in the 15th century, Spain and Portugal were the first to dare to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
d) What new foods from South America went to other parts of the world?
Answer: New foods from South America were introduced to other parts of the world. The items were spinach, cucumbers, maize, Arabic spinach, potatoes and peppers.
3. Essay-like questions:
a) Write a travelogue about a 17-year-old boy who was captured and taken as a slave to Brazil.
Answer:
b) How did the 'discovery' of South America help to increase European colonialism?
Answer: The 'discovery' of South America helped to increase European colonialism. Columbus discovered America. South America was full of dense forests and mountains. The world's largest river, the Amazon, flowed for hundreds of miles through these forests. The coastal regions of Central America and the Mexican plains were densely populated. People were brought from Africa to work on American farms and sold as slaves by Europeans. Europeans conquered the Americas and destroyed historical monuments and books.
From 1380 onwards, magnetic compasses were used to find the specific place of voyage. In the 15th century, people used the device to travel to unknown lands. By that time, Europeans had also made many improvements to ships. They built large ships to carry a lot of cargo and weapons to attack the enemy . In 1477, Ptolemy's Geography was published in print. Europeans learned a lot about the world by reading Ptolemy's book. From this they learned that there are three continents: Asia, Africa and Europe.
The eastern part of South America was included in the map by the Pope in the name of Portugal. The Portuguese were more interested in trading with Western India than with Brazil. This was not due to the hope of finding gold in Brazil. But the natural resource wood was found. In 1540, the Portuguese cultivated large areas of maize and also established chenico. They sold sugar to Europe.
The British were very important in establishing the colonial empire. The British established 13 colonies in the United States and completely expanded their domination.
C. Describe the establishment of the Spanish empire in the Americas.
Answer: Discuss how Spain established its empire in the Americas
Spanish expansion was first of all horses, military might and gun-powder. They forced the local inhabitants to work in the gold and silver mines. They had to look after the activities of the local residents. He employed local chiefs to discover gold mines. The Spaniards' emphasis on gold led to violence. They were stopped by the locals. The Spaniards tested the Arabs with their own swords on their exposed bodies. made the locals sick of the forced labor. The Arawaks were plagued by spring sickness from the Old World that poured butter on a burning fire. Many people died because of this. Locals thought the diseases were caused by invisible bullets used by the Spaniards.
Columbus's voyages were followed by successful and prolonged expeditions to Central and South America. The Spanish discovered a large part of the Western Hemisphere from latitude 40 north to 40 south with permission. They made their demands for it. Spain had previously conquered two empire lands in the region. Two men worked here, Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro. The Spanish middle-class landowners, local councils, and explorers financed their expeditions.
D. Discuss why and how the Aztecs and Incas fell.
Answer: The following is why and how the Aztecs and Incas fell
In the 12th century, the Aztecs came from the north to the Central Valley of Mexico in the United States. They expanded their empire by defeating various tribes. They collected taxes from the defeated. In Aztec society, officials, great and small, were according to their power. The military in government and the elite held prominent positions in the religious field. One of the nobles was chosen as leader, and that person had to rule the country until his death.
The Aztec Empire was rural-based. They produced a variety of crops like squash, red carrots, cucumbers, spinach, potatoes, maize and Arabic spinach. The dynasty built public streets collectively. The Aztecs were frequently involved in warfare and dedicated their beautiful temples to the gods of war and to appease them . All Aztec children had to go to school. The children of the elite were educated under religious and military leadership in schools called Kalmakers, while the rest of the children went to Tepak Kali schools. In the early 16th century, the Aztec Empire was facing problems.
The Incas were the largest early civilization in South America. The rule of the Incas was centralized. In the 12th century, the first Inca ruler, Manco Capac, established his capital at Cuzco. The newly conquered tribes were in line with the mainstream. local rulers were rewarded for military cooperation. Their population was estimated at more than a million. Like the Aztecs, the Incas had superior builders. They built roads over mountains from Ecuador to Chile. The castles were built of broad blocks of stone.
The two major civilizations of the Americas, the Incas and the Aztecs, suddenly collapsed. In the case of both the Aztecs and the Incas, warfare played a decisive role in terrorizing the natives physically and psychologically.
e) Expand on the European sea expeditions.
Answer: The sea expeditions of the Europeans are discussed below
From the 1380s onwards, magnetic compasses were used to determine the exact location of a voyage. In the 15th century, people used this device to travel to unknown lands. At the same time, Europeans built a lot of ships. They built large ships to carry weapons and cargo to attack the enemy . From the 15th century onwards, people were attracted to the expeditions. Because of the publication of books on geography and cosmology and travelogues.
In 1477, Ptolemy's Geography was published in print. The book was widely circulated. The Europeans learned a lot about the world by reading that book. They learned that there were three continents: Africa, Europe and Asia. He thought the earth was spherical. That is why some people dared to go to an unknown country.
In the 15th century, the Portuguese and Spanish pioneered maritime expeditions. It was called the voyage because the expedition was discovered for many days. Historians later said that it was the first sea voyage by Old World people to their unknown lands. The Chinese, Arabs and Indians traveled vast areas of the ocean some people crossed the ocean. The Spanish and Portuguese rulers saw religion, economics and politics as a combination of gold, silver, titles and honor.
The Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, making trade very difficult. The Italians were trading with the Turks. He encouraged many devout European Christians to convert many people to Christianity . Trade later became politically controlled. European countries gained more advantages by establishing colonies in tropical regions.
In 1139, a small country like Portugal was liberated from Spain. Prince Henry of Portugal invaded Quetta in 1415 after an expedition to the coast of West Africa. In Spain, economic reasons motivated people to become knights of the sea.
4. The Write a brief note:
a) The Aztecs
The Aztecs came to the Central Valley of Mexico from the north in the 12th century . The Aztecs expanded their empire by conquering various tribes and collecting taxes from the conquered. In Aztec society, there were small and large officials according to their power. The elite were few in number. They were in the army in government and in the field of religion. He chose one of them as leader and he was to rule the land until his death. They accepted the king as the representative of the sun on earth.
The Aztecs had to settle in abandoned areas due to limited agricultural land . They dumped garbage into Lake Mexico, soiled it, planted trees, and built some artificial islands. In 1325, he built his capital, Tensititlan, on such an island. Because the Aztecs fought frequently, the most beautiful temples had to be dedicated to the gods of war and to appease the gods of war.
The Aztec Empire was rural-based. The Aztecs produced a variety of fruits. They were potatoes, maize, red beans, cucumbers, spinach, squash, etc. Clans or clans built public streets collectively. Farmers cultivated the land of the landowners in exchange for a share of the produce. ensured that young Aztec children went to school. The children of the elite were educated in the school called Kalmeka. The rest of the children went to a nearby school called Tepak Kali. In the early 16th century, the Aztec Empire was facing problems.
b) The Mayas
Answer: The Maya: The Maya culture developed in Mexico in the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. In the 16th century, the political power of the Maya declined from that of the Aztel. Their cultural basis was crop production. The Maya were involved in a variety of fields. Their main goal was to grow various crops and observe religious festivals . For example, harvesting crops, growing trees, celebrating festivals and planting crops. Priests and aristocrats could focus on astronomy, and mathematical practice.
The Maya wrote letters through pictures. Priests and nobles played a major role in society.
C. Donna Marina
Answer: Dona Marina: Cortes and his soldiers conquered Mexico in a very short time with a hard hand. In Mexico, he met the Totonacs, who wanted to break away from Aztec rule.
Bernard Diaz del Castillo Bernard Diaz del Castillo wrote in his True History of the Conquest of Mexico that the people of Tobasco gave Cortés an assistant named Doña Marina. Doña Marina was fluent in three local languages. Without Dona Marina they would not have known the languages of New Spain and Mexico. Díaz thought of Donna Marin as a princess. But the Mexicans said she was a traitor.
D. Columbus' Atlantic voyage
Answer: Columbus' Atlantic Voyage: Columbus grew up learning and understanding himself. He went out of his way to make his name shine. Columbus loved adventuring. He wanted his own glory. Columbus relied on his fortune to travel west and discover a route east. Columbus sailed from the port of Pelce on August 3, 1492, after the Spanish king sponsored his expedition. He was not prepared for the long Atlantic voyage. The fleet included a ship called the Santa Maria and two smaller ships called the Pinta and the Nina. When Columbus sailed with 40 sailors led by Santameria, they were aided by trade winds. It was a very long journey. Columbus and his companions saw nothing but the sea and the sky for 33 days.
On October 12, 1492, Columbus' crew landed. He thought then that the territory was India. But it was Gunahani Island in the Bahamas. That name was known to have been given by Columbus. The Arabs in Gunahani welcomed them and offered them food. Columbus raised a flag in Gunahani and held a prayer. Columbus declared himself king without consulting the locals. Columbus discovered the boundary between sea and ocean where he thought the sea was infinite. He showed that the other end of the world could be reached in five weeks after sailing on trade winds.
