Chapter 10


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1. What is philosophy? Explain the relationship between philosophy and science. 

Answer:  In general, philosophy is the rational analysis and interpretation of the world and life by investigating the nature of the Supreme Being behind the world perceived through the senses and determining its value.

2. What is science? Distinguish between philosophy and science.

Answer: Science is a well-ordered, systematic and rational analytical discussion of a particular category of nature. The difference between philosophy and science is:
    (1) The scope of philosophy is wider than that of science.
    (2) Both explain the experienced world through judgment and analysis.

3. What is Gyanmimansa or Gyanvidya? Discuss the relationship between philosophy and philosophy.

Answer: The science that deals with the source, evolution, limitations and possibilities of knowledge is called jnanmimansa or epistemology.
     There is also a close relationship between philosophy and epistemology. In order to explain the entire universe as a whole, philosophy must first use epistemology to understand what knowledge is, the source of knowledge, the equivalence of knowledge and how far knowledge can be obtained. Epistemology is the first stage of the search for philosophical knowledge.
    However, the scope of philosophy is wider than that of epistemology, because epistemology is only a division of philosophy.
    In fact, the relationship between philosophy and epistemology is like the relationship between the part and its whole.

4. What is metaphysics or metaphysics? Explain the relationship between philosophy and metaphysics or logic.

Answer:  The branch of philosophy through which knowledge of the true nature of the essence or the Supreme Being behind the experienced world is gained is called metaphysics. Different philosophers have held different views on the relationship between philosophy and metaphysics or theory. According to the prophetic philosopher, there is no difference between philosophy and metaphysics. Philosophy discusses the Supreme Being hidden behind the world through metaphysics. Metaphysics means what is behind science and philosophy teaches about the knowledge that comes after science.

 5. What is value science? Explain the relationship between philosophy and values.

Answer:  Apart from epistemology and metaphysics, an important part of philosophy is value science. Philosophy is closely related to values. Philosophy also studies and explains values in order to explain life and the world as a whole. The perfection of philosophical knowledge requires the help of value science. There is no difference between the supreme goal of philosophy, the supreme being, and the supreme value of the ideal of value science.

6. Answer:

(a) The English word philosophy is derived from two Greek words. What are the two words?

Answer: The English word philosophy is derived from two Greek words: Philos and Sophia.

(b) The English synonym for epistemology is derived from two Greek words. What are the two words?

Answer: The English synonym for epistemology is derived from two Greek words. The two words are Episteme and Logos.

(c) What is the name of John Locke's book on knowledge?

Answer: John Locke's book on knowledge is called ' An essay concerning Human Understanding

(d) Name the author of the book 'Critique of pure reason'

The author of the Critique of Pure Reason is Immanuel Kant.

(e) Who compares the relationship between philosophy and science to that of body and soul?

Answer: Ower compares the relationship between philosophy and science to that of body and soul.

(f) What is the English synonym for metaphysics?

Answer: The English synonym for metaphysics is ' Metaphysics

7. Determine the truth of the following statements:

(a) Science gives overall knowledge of the entire universe.
Answer: False

(b) Logical empiricist philosophers have described theory as meaningless and unreasonable thought.
Answer: True

(c) According to the Greek philosopher Plato, there is no difference between philosophy and theory.
Answer: True

(d) Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher.
Answer: True

(e) John Locke was a British philosopher.
Answer: True

(f) Science also does not accept any belief or concept as self-evident.
Answer: False

8. Define:

(i) Science.
Answer: Science is a well-ordered, systematic and rational analytical discussion of a particular category of nature.

(ii) Gyanmimansa or Gyanvidya.
Answer: The science that deals with the source, evolution, limitations and possibilities of knowledge is called jnanmimansa or epistemology.

(iii) Theory.
Answer:  The branch of philosophy through which knowledge of the true nature of the essence or the Supreme Being behind the experienced world is gained is called metaphysics.

(iv) Valuation.
Answer:  Apart from epistemology and metaphysics, an important part of philosophy is value science or the work of philosophy is to discuss, explain and understand values. Therefore, philosophy determines the value of life and the world through value science. Therefore, the scope of philosophy includes ideals or values.

9. Write a brief:

(i) Epistemology.
Answer: Epistemology is a major branch of philosophy. The word jnanavidya means knowledge or knowledge. The history of Western philosophy shows that philosophers before the Greek philosopher Socrates investigated the essence of the world without any discussion of epistemology. They did not question whether knowledge of the principles of the universe was possible, whether the human mind had the capacity to acquire knowledge of being or the essence of existence. They thought that the world could be explained only if they knew what the essence of the world was. Therefore, they investigated the essence or essence of the world without any discussion of epistemology.  
    Modern philosophy is based on epistemology. The British philosopher John Locke was the first to discuss epistemology in his work 'An essay concerning human understanding' and acknowledged the need for epistemology in the acquisition of knowledge. According to Kant, epistemology is the foundation of all philosophical inquiry.

(ii) Valuation.
Answer: Apart from epistemology and metaphysics, an important part of philosophy is value science or the work of philosophy is to discuss, explain and understand values. Therefore, philosophy determines the value of life and the world through value science. Therefore, the scope of philosophy includes ideals or values. Value science evaluates life and the world with three supreme values as its ideals. These three supreme values of life are truth, beauty and Shiva. It is on the basis of these three ideals or values that we judge the value of the things, knowledge and behavior of the world. Value science also discusses whether our such value judgments are personal or material, the supreme ideals or values of human life ie the meaning of truth, Shiva and beauty, their reality and the relationship of these three ideals to the Supreme Being, etc.

(iii) Metaphysics or metaphysics.
Answer: The branch of philosophy through which knowledge is gained about the true nature of the essence or the Supreme Being behind the experienced world is called metaphysics. Metaphysics is the English word for metaphysics . Metaphysics is also known as theology. The English synonym for theory is Ontology . Ontology means the science of being.