Chapter 4
Learning
The questionnaire
A. Determine the following questions:
1. Learning is only a correction of behaviour.
Answer:
2. Learning is a universal process.
Answer: Correct.
3. Individual interest , attention is the psychological component of learning.
Answer:
4. The The advocates of trial and error are Ivan and Pelov.
Answer: Incorrect.
5. The American educator Edward Lee Thorndike was the advocate of the bonding method.
Answer: Incorrect.
6. Trial and error emphasized the overall concept.
Answer:
7. Trial and error are the result of mechanical processes.
Answer: Incorrect.
8. The chimpanzee experimented by psychologist Kahila was named 'Sultan'
Answer:
9. Insight is a high-level teaching method.
Answer: Correct.
10. Ivan P. Pell was a German psychologist.
Answer:
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. According to Gates , learning is only correction through.
Answer: Experience and training.
2. Learning efforts and wrong methods are the main advocates .
Answer: Edward Lee Thorndyke.
3. Edward Lee Thanaik was a psychologist.
Answer:
4. The Trial and error learning is a process.
Answer:
5. The word 'Gestralt' means
Answer: Together.
6. Gestralt is a word.
Answer: German.
7. Mental processes, separation and need for insight awakening.
Answer:
8. Mention the test of holism in Kohler 's book.
Answer: Tenerife, Africa.
9. Kohler , Kafka and the main proponents of holism.
Answer: Germany.
10. The psychologist Pavlov was the main proponent of bondage.
Answer: Physiologist.
11. Edward Lee was a proponent of the Thorndike method.
Answer: Trial and error.
C. Give a short answer:
1. Write down two characteristics of learning.
Answer: The two characteristics of learning are -
1. Development: Learning is a developmental process. As we develop physically and mentally, learning develops continuously.
2. Adjustment : Learning is an adjustment process. Through learning, individuals are able to modify their behavior and adapt to new environments.
2. State a definition of teacher.
Answer: According to Munn, “Learning is the correction of behavior and experience”.
3. Name two internal factors of learning.
Answer: Hereditary influence and age of students.
4. The Name two external factors of learning.
Answer: Two external factors of learning are:
School influence and family influence.
5. Mention two types of learning.
Answer: Two types of learning are mentioned below -
1. Skill Learning: We should actively participate in such learning activities ourselves. This can promote our sensory correction and limb movement function. Learning to speak, read, write and engage in an activity belongs to strategic learning.
2. Perceptual Learning: In order to properly understand knowledge, a person must observe, address and identify. Addressive learning occurs when a person can make sense of the sensations received through the senses. Such learning makes sense perception knowledgeable and meaningful.
6. Mention two characteristics of trial and error methods.
Answer: Two characteristics of trial and error methods are mentioned below -
1. Trial and error is a continuous and mechanical process.
2. Practice principles are widely applied.
7. Mention two disadvantages of attempt and error method.
Answer: The two disadvantages of trial and error are -
(1) This method is mechanical and the consequence of blind effort. Therefore, it is not given priority over intelligence or perception.
(2) This method is of little importance in higher education.
8. Write down two characteristics of the insight method.
Answer: Two features of the insight method are -
1. Learning is the result of an immediate/sudden action. .
2. This approach pays more attention to the holistic aspect of learning.
9. Mention two disadvantages of the insight method.
Answer:
10. Mention two importances of the bonding method.
Answer : Punishment and reward policies are closely related to this approach. Punishment weakens connections and rewards strengthen them.
2. By establishing bonds, we can learn our language, master good behaviour, and develop healthy attitudes
11. State two principles of Thorndike's teaching.
Answer: Principle of preparation, principle of results .
12. Write the meaning of the word “ Gestalt ”.
Answer: The word 'gestalt' is a German word meaning 'to bring together.
13. What does maturity mean?
Answer: Maturity is the process of growth and development. Maturity refers to the process of changing behaviors that are not based on previous experience or require any trained experience to perform these behaviors.
14. Write down two characteristics of bonds.
Answer: 1 . Unbound reactions occur spontaneously.
15. What does the principle of practice mean?
Answer: This principle believes that learning requires practice. According to this principle, if practice continues, the learning process is strengthened. On the other hand, skipping practice weakens the learning process.
D. Question: Answer:
1. Briefly write how learning is done through trial and error.
Answer: Learning is possible through trial and error. To prove that learning is possible with this method, we can take an experiment conducted by Thorndike as an example. A hungry cat was trapped in a clever box. A piece of fish was placed in a container outside the box for the cat to see. The door of the bucket was also closed in such a way that a rope was pulled to open the door. As soon as the hungry cat saw the piece of fish, he tried to get out of the box to eat it. After a long time of jumping and knocking, the cat suddenly pulled the rope and the door opened. The cat managed to eat the piece of fish. The same process was done with the cat for several days and the cat continued to try. Eventually, there will come a time when the cat will make fewer mistakes and eventually make one. From the above example we can see that animals can learn something new through trial and error. Therefore, learning is possible through trial and error.
2. How can we learn through insight? Write briefly.
Answer:
3. The What is a bond? How can this be used to learn? Write briefly.
Answer: Bond means -
A person's personality qualities, regular eating, playing, good behaviour, self-control, cleanliness, cooperation, etc. can be the result of various actions. On the other hand, bonds also play a significant role in the development of our acceptable attitudes, values, beliefs, etc.
The educational significance of the bond is -
This method is also important in the education of children. This method can be taught in language learning, basic numeracy or mathematics. This method can be used when applying audio-visual aids in learning systems. For example, when conceptualizing the word 'cow', the teacher should pronounce 'a picture of a cow' and the word together. After doing this for a while, if you just say the word 'cow' (without showing the 'picture'), the students will naturally react by shouting and saying the word 'cow' Therefore, the students were able to get acquainted with the words by establishing appendages and gaining direct experience.
The non - bonding approach can also help in the prevention and treatment of problems, criminal tendencies and other disabilities in children. In short, we can say that:
4. The Briefly explain the meaning of the Practice Policy and the needs of the classroom.
Answer:
5. Briefly describe the principle of preparation.
Answer: When a person is willing to do something and has the opportunity to do it, his learning becomes more enjoyable, faster and easier. On the other hand, if he is not interested in learning, that is, not to learn; But such education is not effective if it is forced to be learned. Instead, he will feel bored and dissatisfied. According to Thondyke, if a person is prepared to learn, he will learn better or the learning task will be easier. On the other hand, if the person has no interest, his learning will be boring and tedious. So if a person is prepared to learn, he can choose action solutions spontaneously and carefully. On the other hand, if you don't get that opportunity, you will feel bored and dissatisfied. This means that a person must prepare himself to learn, only then will his learning be easy and if he is not prepared, learning will be boring. However, Thorndyke places special emphasis on neurological and physical preparation. However, education requires more physical and mental preparation. However, it must be acknowledged that physical preparation also brings about mental preparation.
6. Briefly write about learning and maturity.
Answer: There is a close relationship between maturity and learning. The physical and mental maturity of an individual makes learning successful.
Maturity is the process of change in a person's behavior without previous experience or training that occurs naturally. In fact, from an external point of view, maturity is the function and competence of body cells, nerve cells, muscles, receptors, etc., which are inherited or born. Such abilities and qualifications are inherited or born. These parts of the body determine and control a person's behaviour. American psychologist Mags defines maturity as “any change in a person's learning with age, which is primarily dependent on physical development.”
7. Discuss Thorndike's teaching principles with the significance of the classroom.
Answer: a. The Law of Readiness
b . Principle of Exercise [Law of Exercise]
c. Principle of Effect [Law of Effect]
According to Thorndike, if a person is prepared to learn, he will learn better or the learning process will be easier. On the other hand, if the person has no interest, his learning will be boring and tedious. Therefore, if a person is prepared to learn, he can choose solutions spontaneously and carefully. On the other hand, if you do not get that opportunity, you will feel bored and dissatisfied. This means that a person must prepare himself to learn, only then will his learning be easier and if he is not prepared, learning will be boring. However, Thorndyke places special emphasis on neurological and physical preparation. However, physical and mental preparation is required for learning. However, it must be acknowledged that physical preparation also brings about mental preparation. According to Thorndike, if a person is prepared to learn, he will learn better or the learning process will be easier. On the other hand, if the person has no interest, his learning will be boring and tedious. Therefore, if a person is prepared to learn, he can choose solutions spontaneously and carefully. On the other hand, if you do not get that opportunity, you will feel bored and dissatisfied. This means that a person must prepare himself to learn, only then will his learning be easier and if he is not prepared, learning will be boring. However, Thorndyke places special emphasis on neurological and physical preparation. However, physical and mental preparation is required for learning. However, it must be acknowledged that physical preparation also brings about mental preparation.
8. Differentiate between learning and maturity.
Answer:
Learning:
1. Learning is a lifelong process.
9. Discuss Pelv's bond theory with examples.
Ivan Petrovinch Pavlov (1849-1936) studied medicine in Russia and Germany . Pelve, a physiologist and psychologist, discovered this bondage method of learning in He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his research on the digestive system of dogs. According to Anubandhan, organisms respond naturally and learn even when they are repeatedly presented with an artificial stimulus instead of the natural one. This learning method is also known as 'response learning', 'stimulus learning' and 'connection'
Behavioral psychologists consider learning from a physical perspective and argue that a stimulus that produces a response will produce a normal response if another stimulus is later combined with that stimulus. According to Pelv, learning is possible only when a person's natural reaction can be combined or linked to another stimulus. That is, if another stimulus is given in the presence of the normal stimulus, it expresses the normal response.
For example, redness at the sight of food, fear at the sight of loud noises, closing the eyes at the sight of bright lights, and so on. Some of these reactions do not require any learning experience. However, learning occurs when responses are combined with other stimuli instead of natural stimuli to produce such natural responses. Therefore, even if an artificial stimulus is given instead of the natural stimulus, the person shows the same natural reaction. This is the contracted response .
10. What is insight learning? Discuss Kahler's method of intuition with its educational significance
Wolfgang Kohler conducted several experiments on learning on chimpanzees on the island of Tenerife in Africa from 1913 to Kohler described several experiments in his book Mentality of Apes. One of the various tests is mentioned below:—
Kohler kept a clever chimpanzee named Sultan half in a cage with some bananas outside for him to see. The bananas were kept at a slight distance so that the chimpanzee could not reach them easily. On the other hand, two sticks were placed inside the cage—one long and one slightly shorter. But the chimpanzee can only reach the banana if the two sticks are joined together. The small stick was inserted into the larger stick to lengthen it. Initially, the chimpanzee 'Sultan' started trying to fetch the banana with both hands. There was no way to get a banana, so he spent some time sitting there doing nothing. After a while, he suddenly came to his senses and inserted another stick into the end of one stick to collect the bananas. The chimpanzee was placed in the same situation again and was able to solve the problem easily with the help of previous experience.
11. What is contractualism? How are bonds formed? State the educational significance of the bond.
Answer: Bondness helps students to develop habits, neatness, respect for others, self-discipline etc.
The educational significance of the bond is -
This method is also important in the education of children. This method can be taught in language learning, basic numeracy or mathematics. This method can be used when applying audio-visual aids in learning systems. For example, when conceptualizing the word 'cow', the teacher should pronounce 'a picture of a cow' and the word together. After doing this for a while, if you just say the word 'cow' (without showing the 'picture'), the students will naturally react by shouting and saying the word 'cow' Therefore, the students were able to get acquainted with the words by establishing appendages and gaining direct experience.
The non - bonding approach can also help in the prevention and treatment of problems, criminal tendencies and other disabilities in children. In short, we can say that:
