Chapter 1


Nature of Inductive Enquiry, Various kinds of Induction


Exercises

 1. 1. Give the definition. 

(a) Scientific Advent 

Answer :  Scientific arrival is the arrival in which a true general statement about all objects or events of that class is established by observing a few particular instances of an object or event, based on the laws of uniformity and cause and effect of nature.

For example, Ram is mortal.

Hari is mortal.

 Everything is mortal.

(b) Unscientific advent 

Answer :  Unscientific arrival is an arrival in which a true trivial statement is established based solely on the unconstrained experience or uniformity of experience gained by observing many specific instances of an object or event without any attempt to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

(c) Similarity inference 

Answer :  Similarity inference is the inference that one object has another property or characteristic in another object based on the similarity of certain properties or characteristics between two objects.

(d) Actual arrival 

Answer :  Advent which has the main characteristic of "inductive leap" i.e. advent in which a slight relationship of all objects or events of that kind is reached on the basis of knowledge of the relationship of a particular object or event.

(e) and the alleged arrival. 

Answer :  An arrival in which the main characteristic of arrival is not the "inductive leap", that is, an advent in which the unknown truth is not reached on the basis of known truths.

(f) Su - similarity estimate 

Answer: -  Similarity inference in which the similarities between two objects are similarities of fundamental and important properties is called good similarity inference. For example, Earth and Mars are both planets in the solar system. Both orbit the Sun. Both have atmosphere, soil, water, and heat. There is life on Earth, so there is life on Mars. Such similarity estimates are called good similarity estimates.

(g) Dissimilarity estimates. 

Answer: -  Similarity inference in which the similarities between two objects are not similarities of fundamental and important properties, but only of secondary or accidental properties is called bad similarity inference.

 2. 2. Determine the difference? 

(a) Departures and arrivals

Answer :  The differences between departure and arrival are -

i) In inference, the decision moves from trivial truths to specific truths. In arrival hypothesis, on the other hand, a minor truth is concluded from specific instances.

ii) The conclusion of the inference inference can never be more comprehensive than the recourse sentence. On the other hand, the conclusion in the arrival hypothesis will be more comprehensive than in the assignment statement.

iii) Deductive inferences are assumed to be true. Deductive inferences judge whether the dependences correspond to any object or event in the real world. However, in the arrival hypothesis, the dependencies are collected from the real world with the help of observation and verification.

iv) The exit hypothesis is related to formal truth. But the arrival hypothesis is related to both formal and material truth.

v) In deduction inference, the conclusion inevitably flows from the assertion. On the other hand, in the arrival hypothesis, the conclusion does not inevitably follow from the dependence clause.

(b) Scientific and unscientific advent. 

The differences between scientific  and unscientific advances are :

i) In scientific advances, specific examples are collected through both observation and testing. However, in unscientific arrivals, they are collected only by observation.

ii) Scientific advent is a complex process. Unscientific arrivals are very simple compared to scientific arrivals.

iii) Scientific advances rely on the laws of uniformity of nature and the laws of cause and effect as the formal basis. Unscientific advances do not attempt to determine cause and effect relationships. 

iv) The conclusions of scientific advances are certain in nature. However, the conclusion of unscientific arrival is probable.

(c) Similarity and scientific advances. 

Answer :  The differences between analogy and scientific advances are:

i) Similarity inference leads from one particular instance to another. However, in scientific advances, a true minor statement is established by observing certain instances.

ii) Similarity inference is not based on cause-and-effect relationships. However, scientific advances are based on cause and effect relationships.

iii) The conclusion of similarity inference is probabilistic. But the conclusions of scientific advances are certain in nature.

3. 3. Give a brief answer. 

(a) What are the types of arrivals, and what are they? 

Answer :  There are two types of arrivals:

i) Actual arrival

ii) The so-called arrival.

(b) What is the main sign of the coming? 

Answer :  The main sign of arrival is the arrival jump.