Chapter- 11            Sub-titling


Question 1: What is the purpose of sub-titling?
Answer: The purpose of sub-titling is to convey the main idea or theme of each section of a long piece of writing.

Question 2: How does sub-titling help the reader?
Answer: It helps the reader understand the sub-topics at a glance.

Question 3: Why are suitable sub-titles important?
Answer: They help break the monotony of reading long passages.

Question 4: What kind of writing mainly requires sub-titling?
Answer: Long pieces of writing require sub-titling.

Question 5: What is the title of the newspaper article given?
Answer: The title of the article is A new deal for old cities.

Question 6: Which city is given as an example of successful urban planning?
Answer: Curitiba in Brazil is given as an example.

Question 7: Why has Curitiba attracted global attention?
Answer: It has attracted attention for innovative urban plans using low-cost technologies.

Question 8: What do Curitiba’s urban plans show?
Answer: They show that inclusive development models for urban renewal are workable.

Question 9: Which thinker’s description is mentioned in the passage?
Answer: Friedrich Engels’ description is mentioned.

Question 10: What do many Indian cities mirror even today?
Answer: They mirror Engels’ description of nineteenth-century urban centres in England.

Question 11: What condition of streets is described in the passage?
Answer: Streets are described as unpaved, rough, and dirty.

Question 12: What kinds of waste are mentioned in the streets?
Answer: Vegetable and animal refuse are mentioned.

Question 13: What basic facilities were missing in these cities?
Answer: Sewers and gutters were missing.

Question 14: What kind of pools were present instead of proper drainage?
Answer: Foul, stagnant pools were present.

Question 15: Which class’s living conditions did Engels write about?
Answer: He wrote about the living conditions of the working class.

Question 16: What is the sub-heading used in the passage?
Answer: The sub-heading used is Urban Decay.

Question 17: When did the depth of urban decay in India come to global notice?
Answer: During the pneumonic plague of 1994 in Surat.

Question 18: What did the Surat plague expose?
Answer: It exposed the failure of governments in the post-Independence era.

Question 19: Which fundamental issue was ignored by development policies?
Answer: Fundamental public health issues were ignored.

Question 20: What kind of reforms were not pursued seriously?
Answer: Reforms in waste management were not pursued seriously.

Question 21: What role did state and municipal governments fail to play?
Answer: They failed to improve civic and public health conditions.

Question 22: What change occurred in Surat after the plague?
Answer: Civic conditions in Surat underwent change after the plague.

Question 23: What trend did many cities follow during the past decade?
Answer: They pursued development agendas with the help of international loans.

Question 24: What was the focus of these development agendas?
Answer: The focus was on projecting modernisation.

Question 25: What was neglected in the process of modernisation?
Answer: Basic civic reform was neglected.

Question 26: What kind of challenge exists today according to the passage?
Answer: There is a continuing challenge before the current mission of urban reform.

Question 27: What must be enabled and compelled according to the passage?
Answer: Local governments must be enabled and compelled to act.

Question 28: Why is public health important in urban development?
Answer: Because neglecting it leads to urban decay and health disasters.

Question 29: How does sub-titling relate to the given article?
Answer: The article uses sub-titles to highlight key themes like urban decay.

Question 30: What is the central idea of the passage?
Answer: The passage highlights urban decay in Indian cities and the need for inclusive, health-focused urban development.

Answer by Dimpee Bora